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PSYC 1103: EXAM 1
What is psychology?
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The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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Skeptical consumer
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email scams, catfish, etc.
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3 key components of psychology
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Science - systematic methods
behavior - what can be directly observed
mental processes - thoughts, feelings, motives
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"Structuralism"
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identified structures of the mind, basic elements of mental processes; specific sensations or feelings that a stimulus creates
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Introspection
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systematic, detailed self reports.
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"Functionalism"
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- human interactions w/ outside world
-focus on naturalistic observations of the whole unit
- identified the functions and purposes of the mind
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Psychological perspectives/ approaches
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biological
behavioral
psychodynamic
humanistic
cognitive
evolutionary
sociocultural
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Biological
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focus on heredity, the brain and nervous systems
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Behavioral
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focus on environmental determinants of observable behavior, ex: pavlov's dogs
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Psychodynamic
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focuses on unconscious thought, early childhood family experiences
how society tells us to behave vs. biological impulses
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Humanistic
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focuses on positive human qualities, capacity for positive growth - FREE WILL
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Cognitive
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emphasizes the mental processes involved in knowing
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Evolutionary
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adaptation, reproduction, natural selection to explain human behavior - Darwin
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Sociocultural
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focus on how social and cultural environments influence behavior and mental processes
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What makes psych a science?
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empirical evidence
data
research methods
scientific methods
systematic research
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Empirical evidence
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info collected through objective observation and measurements
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How correlations are interpreted:
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pos, neg, no correlation
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Third Variable Problem:
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When two variables appear to be related to each other but there is a third unknown variable that is the real source of the link between the first two variables.
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Independent variable:
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stands alone, not influenced by other variables
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Dependent variable:
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Depends on other factors
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Validity:
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The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations/people
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Bias:
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A tendency
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Placebo Effect:
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A fake treatment/test that garners real results
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Double Blind Study:
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ensures impartiality, neither subjects nor scientists know which treatment is going to which test group
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Scientific Method (5 steps)
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1. observe phenomenon
2. formulate hypothesis and predictions
3. test hypothesis through empirical research
4. draw conclusions
5. evaluate conclusions
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Types of research methods:
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observation
physiological assessments
surveys and interviews
case studies
research designs
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Observation method:
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naturalistic, structured
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Physiological assessments:
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functional neuroimaging, EEG, fMRI
saliva testing - con: expensive
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Research Designs:
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Descriptive
Correlational
Experimental
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Central Tendency
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Mean = average
Median = mid-point
Mode = most popular
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Continuous development:
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gradual and ongoing
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Discontinuous development:
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age-related changes, different stages
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Stage Theorists
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propose that development occurs in a progression of age-related qualitative shifts
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Methods of testing age-related change:
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Early experience: early, critical periods
Later experience: later, resillience
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Pre-Natal Development order:
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Germinal (weeks 1-2): zygote
Embryonic (weeks 3-8): embryo
Fetal (weeks 9-birth): fetus
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Teratogens:
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agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo
ex: nicotine, alcohol, STIs
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Brain development:
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plasticity, synaptic pruning.
early: amygdala
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Piaget's Stages:
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sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)
Preoperational (2-7 yrs)
Concrete operational (7-11 yrs)
Formal operations (11-15 yrs)
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Sensorimotor:
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exploring the world through senses and actions, object permanence
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Preoperational:
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symbolic representation
make one object stand for another
egocentrism
perceive world from one’s own point of view
centration
concentrate on only one feature
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Concrete operational:
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operational thinking (e.g., conservation)
classification skills
logical thinking in concrete contexts
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Formal operations:
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lasts through adulthood
abstract thinking
hypothetical reasoning
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Conservation:
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changing appearance of an object does not change key features
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Object permanence:
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the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed (seen, heard, touched, smelled or sensed in any way).
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Ego centrism:
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inability to differentiate between self and other.
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Temperament types:
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Sanguine: flexible (40% of children)
Choleric: feisty, intense, active (10%)
Melancholic: cautious, fearful (15%)
Other 35% combo of all three
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Attachment types:
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Secure
Insecure - avoidant and resistant
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Secure
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baby secure in feeling that mother will provide for them/easier to soothe
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Insecure - Avoidant:
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infant avoids and ignores parent, shows little or no distress
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Insecure - Resistant:
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infant shows hostility towards parent, difficult to soothe
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Strange Situation - Ainsworth:
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caregiver's leave infant alone with stranger, then return - assess attachment.
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Goodness of fit:
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statistical model that describes how well it fits a set of observations.
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Parenting styles:
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Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive
Neglectful
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Authoritative:
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clear expectations
firm and consistent discipline
use reasoning
encourage discussion/child input
encourage age appropriate independence with limits
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Authoritarian:
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rigid, no negotiation
controlling
doesn't take child's perspective into account
less autonomy granting
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Permissive:
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lenient
loving and warm
early autonomy
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Neglectful:
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actively rejects or simply neglects
generally uninvolved
little supervision/limits
cold, indifferent, hostile
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What is autonomy?
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independence
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Sociometric popularity:
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measurement that reflects the degree to which someone is liked or disliked by their peers
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Perceived popularity:
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of high social ranking but disliked, ex: Mean Girls
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Co-rumination:
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extensively discussing and revisiting problems and focusing on negative feelings with peers - mostly girls
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Gender Schema Theory:
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cognitive theory to explain how individuals become gendered in society
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Kohlberg's stages:
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Gender Identity (2 yrs)
Gender Stability (3 - 4 yrs)
Gender Constancy (6 yrs)
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Gender Constancy:
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realization that gender is fixed and does not change over time
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Changes from childhood to adolescence:
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increasing self consciousness
Notions of self become more abstract
distinguish between real and possible selves
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Marcia's Identity Status:
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Identity diffusion
Identity foreclosure
Identity Moratorium
Identity Achievement
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Identity diffusion:
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adolescent does not have a sense of having choices
has not yet made commitment
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Identity foreclosure:
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adolescent willing to commit to some relevant roles, values or goals for the future. Conform to the expectations of others (follow mom's lead)
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Identity Moratorium:
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adolescent currently in a crisis, exploring various commitments and ready to make choices, but has not yet made commitment.
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Identity Achievement:
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adolescent has gone through identity crisis, and has made a commitment to a sense of identity
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