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ANTH 1010: EXAM 2
Proconsul
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an early miocene ape. a genus of fossil hominoid that lived in africa between 27-17 mya though classified as apes, this genus also shows a number of monkey characteristics. it most probably represents one of the first forms to evolve following the divergence of the monkey and ape lines.
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sivapithecus
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A mid-miocene ape. 17-4 mya. Large flat molars thick tooth enamel, reduced canines, and massive jaws. mobile arm and leg joints. lived in woodland, and grassland habitat.
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Sahelanthropus chadensis
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6-7mya found in Chad. oldest possible human ancestor. small brain, thick tooth enamel. call canines.
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canine diastema
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gap between the upper incisors and the canines to accommodate the large lower canine. gap (ape-like) vs. no gap (human-like)
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Prognathism
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term used to describe the positional relationship of the mandible and/or maxilla to the skeletal base where either of the jaws protrudes beyond a predetermined imaginary line in the coronal plane of the skull
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gracile australopithecines
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members of the genus Australopithecus possessing a more lightly built chewing apparatus; likely had a diet that included more meat than that of the robust australopithecines; best represented by the South African species of A. africanus
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Robust Australopithecines
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1.1 to 2.5 million years ago; known for rugged nature of their chewing apparatus, large back teeth, large chewing muscles, and bony ridge on their skill tops for the insertion of these large muscles
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Rift Valley
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Deep narrow valley where very old sediments are exposed to researchers can find very old fossils.
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Himalayan Uplift
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India slammed into Asia creating this
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Orrorin Tugenensis
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6mya bipedal late miocene ape. Agile climber, thick enamel, small molars, large incisors, and canines like a female chimp.
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cenozoic
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65 mya with extinction of
the dinosaurs and radiation of mammals into ecological niches previously
occupied by reptiles.
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miocene
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25 may human prehistory begins. Appearance and spread of ape taxa. Golden age of apes.
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Pliocene
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-5 - 2.5 mya
-climatic change
-middle and upper latitudes = cooler
-lower latitudes = drier
-Forests shrink, replaced by open woodlands
-change of food distribution
-africanus, afarensis, habilis
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Bipedalism
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Function which allows humans to walk on two legs (considered to be a major differentiation between human beings and other animals)
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Foramen Magnum (Magnum Foramen)
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Large opening at the base of the skull on the Occipital Bone, through which the spinal cord exits; located at the back of the skull, gradually migrates forwards until modern humans
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oldowan tools
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hammerstone, core and flake
assoc. with hominin fossils
basic and easiest to make
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Homo habilis
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"Handy" Man
Bigger brain (600-800cc—1/2 of modern human)
2.3-1.6 million years, only in Africa
short body (4ft 3 in) but long arms, 90 lbs
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Pleistocene
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1.8mya-10,000 BP a epoch of marked climatic function
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Homo erectus
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Larger brains, smaller faces. Made elaborate tools, used fire, hunted. Expanded their area over three continents. an extinct human species. It evolved in Africa about 2 mya.
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Expensive tissue hypothesis
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argues that to increase the mass of an expensive tissue such as the brain, it requires a reduction in the mass of another expensive tissue like the gut.
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denisovan
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hybrid of neandertl and homo erectus
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cro-magon people
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Fully modern human. first modern human in Europe. 40k BP. from Africa. descend from anatomically modern people in Africa. Lived in rock shelters and caves. exhibited fully modern behavior. complex told technologies.
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upper paleolithic
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40,000 - 10,000 years ago (modern Homo sapiens)
long, thin blades
art, sculpture
communication of ideas
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Ice-Free Corridor
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Location in N. America between Cordilleran and Laurentide Ice Sheets that opened up between 14,700-14,000 BP.
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Pleistocene Megafauna
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-caribou
-mastodon
-mammoth
-giant ground sloth
-smilodon
-giant beaver
-dire wolf
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Mousterian Tool assemblage
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Characterized by flakes removed from carefully prepared cones. Mousterian tools are found in association with red deer, bison, wild cattle, sheep, goats, and horses. More complex than acheulean tools
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Atlatl
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Upper Paleolithic tool that was used to throw spears in order to account for differences in physical abilities; suggests that big game hunting was normal/widespread
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Grandmother Hypothesis
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Human females live to 100 but reach menopause at 50
* Grandmothers began to aid in feeding their grandchildren after menopause
* Allowed births to be closely spaced, reduced infant mortality
* A newly exploitable resource would be underground storage organs (USO's)- carrots
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Movius Line
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Separates areas of the world with Acheulean tools from those where only Oldowan tools were found.
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Acheulean Tools
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1.75 mya in southern Ethiopia. Hand axe is hallmark of acheulean tool assemblage. also included cleavers and picks.
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milankovitch theory
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ªMilankovitch, a Yugoslavian astronomer, argued that fluctuations were caused by changes in three features of the earth’s orbital geometry that affect the amount of solar radiation reaching the northern hemisphere during summer months.
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Kennewick Man
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-Remains discovered in Washington in 1996
-8,500 years old.
-No artifacts buried with it that could be tied to a certain tribe or culture.
-Said that scientists that could study it, but the Natives still want it back. They are trying to claim it.
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archaic homo sapiens
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form the anatomical link between homo erectus and fully modern humans. larger brain than homo erectus. more modern face. more modern behaviorally.
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Beringia
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-Last ice age
-Water locked in glaciers and ice caps
-Sea levels dropped 125 m.
-Formed a Bering land bridge around 13,000 years ago
-Passed down the ice free Corridor east of the Rockies
-Quickly spread throughout Americas
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Clovis/Paleo- Indian complex-
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dates 13-10kbp, large beautifully made spear points in Clovis, NM
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Homo neandertalensis
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-the technical name for the Neandertals, a group of robust and otherwise anatomically distinct hominids that are close relatives of modern humans
-cranial capacity, bullet shaped crania, sloping foreheads, occipital bun, massive face with large orbits and nasal passages
-larger brains than humans
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monte verde
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a well dated archeological site in southern chile. 13,000 years old. in a shallow pear bog along a small slow moving stream and is about the size of a soccer field.
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