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GEOS 212: EXAM 3
Energy sources for marine organisms:
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Photosynthesis
Respiration
chemosynthesis
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Photosynthesis
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The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food
-takes place within chloroplasts
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chemosynthesis
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Process by which ATP is synthesized by using chemicals as an energy source instead of light.
-in absence of sunlight (dark zone)
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Respiration
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the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and tissues and initiated by the act of breathing
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physical factors
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light intensity
temp.
salinity
pressure
gases
nutrients
wave action
tides
motion of water
substrate
water clarity
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profile of light in the ocean
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as the ocean gets deeper, light decreases
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profile of temperature in the ocean
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ocean temp decreases as depth increases
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Ocean Salinity and depth
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salinity increases as depth increases
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oxygen ___ as depth increases
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decreases |
co2 ____ as depth increases
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increases
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nutrients in ocean ___ as depth increases
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increase
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productivity ___ as ocean depth increases
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decreases
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Why is primary productivity in the open temperate ocean usually low in both winter and summer?
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WINTER:
1) low sunlight & temperature
2) no thermocline - may not return to sunlit surface
SUMMER:
1) zooplankton harvest many
2) seasonal thermocline doen't allow going against nutrient pump
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what would happen to kelp forests if sea otter were eliminated?
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they would become a sea urchin barren
-sea otters eat urchins, which eat kelp
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types of plankton
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zooplankton
phytoplankton
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phytoplankton
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autotrophic plant-like plankton that use photosynthesis
ex) diatoms, green algea
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Zooplankton
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Heterotrophic plankton that feed on phytoplankton
ex) copopods, ciliates, larvae
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Kelp
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seaweed that lives up to 100 ft below the inertial zone, and grow up to 100ft tall
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why does kelp need to remain close to ocean surface? and how does it?
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it is a plant and is require to undergo photosynthesis
- has gas bladders (blades) that allow it to keep afloat at the surface
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when does kelp bloom?
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summer months
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what temp water does kelp like?
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COLD (40-70 degrees)
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where can kelp forests be found?
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in cold upwelling communities at Hi latitudes
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which cells in kelp photosynthesize?
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all of them
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which cells in kelp photosynthesize?
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all of them
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T/F: kelp has leaves, roots and a vascular system
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F
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Mangrove Forests
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-variety of tropical inshore communities dominated by several species of trees and shrubs that grow in salt water
- plant, leaves in air
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where do mangrove forests occur?
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- at Lo latitudes in intertidal zone along gently sloping water
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how warm of water do mangrove forests like?
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>70 degrees
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T/F mangrove forests have leaves, trunks and roots
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T |
why are mangrove forests able to withstand hurricanes?
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they have strong roots planted in the mud and in the air
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pheumatophores
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snorkel like structure on some mangrove species that draws air from above the waters surface to the roots below the surface
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Zooxanthellae
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- Algae that live mutualistically in coral
- Coral provides shelter and CO2
- Algae supplies food to coral
- Bleaching: under stress, coral ejects algae and both organisms die
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where do coral reefs occur?
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continental shelves
volcanic islands
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when and where did coral evolve?
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200 mill yrs ago in the warm Tethys ocean
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how to coral reefs progress?
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fringe reef
barrier reef
atoll
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Fringe Reef
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Small shore reef complex that grows parallel to the shoreline (usually volcanic island)
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barrier reef
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a long ridge like reef that parallels the mainland and is seperated from it by a deep lagoon.
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Atoll
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ring shape island of coral reef that used to surround a sinking island
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What causes coral reef to bleach? What can stress coral reefs?
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Coral can bleach by the stress
High light/UV light
Cold temperature
Low salinity and high turbidity (from runoff or rain)
Exposure to air (low tide)
High water temperature (Important)
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what causes coral to dissolve?
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ocean acidification
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ocean acidification
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CO2 in the air is absorbed by the oceans
increased acidity = lower pH
decreased calcification and increase rate of calcium dissolution
loss of habitat, change of food web
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how do corals reproduce?
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sexually and asexually
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who are the primary producers in a kelp forest?
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the kelp, algea
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primary producers within mangrove forest
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phytoplankton/zoo plankton
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life cycle stages of fish
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eggs, alevin, fry,parr,smolt,adult, spawning adult
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baleen whales
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usually larger whales that feed on plankton/krill
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communication of baleen whales
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they create low frequency sounds to communicate accross the ocean
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how do toothed whales communicate
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by using high frequency clicking sounds and whistles
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echolocation
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-process of locating objects by emitting sounds and interrupting the sound waves that are reflected back
-used by toothed whales
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dolphins
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smallest of toothed
whales
- very intelligent
-use echolocation
- highly complex behaviors that help understand human behavior
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photic zone
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0-100 m deep
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twilight zone
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100-1000 m
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dark zone
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below 1000m
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at what depth is giant squid found?
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~9m
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what depth are sperm whales found
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~14m
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what is the main difference between the photic zone and twilight/dark zone
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plants, because they need light to photosynthesize
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what are characteristics of twilight zone fish
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large eyes to catch light, and are transparent in order to avoid predators
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what are some inhabitants of dark zone
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certain fish, eels and hydrothermal vent communities
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what organisms are in hydrothermal vent communities
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tube worms, crabs, clams, lobster, octopus, fish, etc.
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primary producers of hydrothermic vent community
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microbes, and bacteria
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hyrothermal vents
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found at oceanic spreading centers, water seeps into theseafloor through the porous basalts, is superheated by the magma chambers,dissolve minerals and metals, become less dense, rise back up the the seafloor
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What are ocean dead zones?
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oxygen-deficient waters because of the increase warming
marine animals can live here so millions are found dead
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what causes dead zones
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fertilizer, sewage and deforestation
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hypoxia
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;pw oxygen
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anoxia
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No oxygen
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how do toxic algal blooms effect people and fisheries
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they endanger them
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5 ways humans are harming ocean ecosystems
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1. overfishing
2. pollution
3. deforestation
4. excess nutrients/ fertilizer runoff
5. ocean acidification
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