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CLAS 160B1: FINAL EXAM
Kinaidos |
Cinaedus, passive man who enjoys getting sex from another man
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Fellator |
giver of oral sex to a man, has "os impurum"- an impure mouth
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Cunnilictor |
giver of oral sex to a woman, considered worse than fellator, seen as unmanly, impotent and perverse
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Ovid |
Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid), 43 B.C.- A.D. 17, One of Latin poetry's big three (alongside Virgil and Horace), Works (some): Metamorphoses (myths); Amores (love poems); Fasti (roman calendar)
• Ars Amatoria ("Art of Love")- Parody of didactic ("teaching") poetry, Was Ovid banished from Rome by Augustus for writing it?, Reasons for exile= Carmen Et Error= "A Poem and a Mistake", Ovid dies in exile after nearly 10 years! - at Tomis (site of his exile)
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Catullus |
(CA 82- CA 54 B.C.), Born in Verona (north Italy), From a wealthy equestrian family, Had a traditional Roman education, Worked on the staff of a provincial governor in Bithynia (57-56 B.C.), wrote Odi Et Amo (hate and love, descirbes his outlook pretty well), values: un-roman (love, private pleasure, etc.), wrote love poems about Lesbia, vivid first person stuff, not like most ancient poetry
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Lesbia |
pseudonym for Clodia, married sister of a thuggish ally of Caesar and Crassus, addressed in a lot of Catullus' works, means "from Lesbos" = recalls Sappho, cultural refinement, and passion
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Lucian |
(CA A.D. 125-180), Born in Samosata, Commagene, Started out as a sculptor's apprentice, but eventually went into rhetoric, Traveled the Roman world as a performing public speaker, Famous as a writer (in Greek) of satire
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Alexander (prophet) |
The Oracle-Monger, Story of a famous imposter and false oracle, Worked in Roman province of Bithynia town called Abonouteichos in the early second century B.C. Creates god called glykon weird snake thing with snake scales and hair- born during reign of Antoninus Pius
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Apuleius |
Lucius Apuleius (CA A.D. 123-180): orator/author from Madaurus, Numidia, Works- Apology: defense speech on charges of using magic to seduce his wife, The Golden Ass (a.k.a. Metamorphoses): only a Latin novel that survives in full; ends with an initiation into the cult of Isis, Florida: collection of snippets from his best speeches
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Maccabees |
revolt of them leads to the Hasmonean Kingdom (ruled by high priests), 160's B.C.
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Pharisees |
Jewish group in Palestine, God's law from the most Bible- most important thing of all; very strict
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Zealots |
Jewish group in Palestine, preached armed resistance to Rome!
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Essenes |
Jewish group in Palestine, like Jewish monks; lived in the desert to avoid sin
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Sadducees |
Jewish group in Palestine, conservatives; controlled the temple, priesthood and ritual; traditionalists sometimes seen as collaborators with Rome
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Jesus |
Jesus announces he is the Messiah, gets into trouble for this and is executed by the order of Pontius Pilate- prefect (governor) of Judaea, A.D. 26-36- in order to please the Jews, has 12 apostles (closest family and followers) that start spreading the word of his resurrection
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Paul |
a major player in the movement, Apostle Paul of Tarsus- Was a Greek-speaking Jew with Roman citizenship; had been hostile to Christians originally, Paul converts and becomes an evangelizer! Saw himself as one of the apostles, A very successful evangelizer: covered CA 10,000 miles before he was arrested in Jerusalem, A.D. 57 and later executed
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Martial |
A Spaniard- lived CA A.D. 38-41 until CA A.D. 101-104, A.D. 80: writes Liber Spectaculorum in honor of Flavian Amphitheater, Famous for his Epigrams starting in A.D. 86, Lived at the imperial court under several emperors, Widely read... but never rich!, Wrote short poems
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Pliny (The Younger) |
Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (Pliny), A.D. 63- CA 113, A.K.A. Pliny the Younger- his uncle was the elder Pliny, a famous naturalist, Eventually became governor (officially Legatus, "Ambassador") of the province of Bithynia, wrote The Letters:
• Book 6, Letters 16 and 20: to Tacitus RE: Vesuvius' eruption
• Book 10: A.D. 110-112, while in Bithynia, appointed by Trajan
• Unique for insights they provide into everyday life and provincial administration
• Likely added to collection of letters after Pliny died
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Julii |
family of native Gauls tied to the Julio-Claudians, were considered dangerous post revolt and were eliminated
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Zeno of Cilium |
founder of Stoicism (from "stoa", a porch), 333-264 B.C., Believed in the existence of a universal order based on reason, Virtue allows humans to live in harmony with the universe, Stoa Pokile: school, Stoics prized self control and detachment from emotion; known for being stern, Accepted good and bad fate as just
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Vitruvius |
Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, CA 80-70 B.C.- after 15 B.C., Likely served in the Roman Army in Spain and Gaul as an engineer under Caesar, Not the first architect: First Roman architect to have written on his field, A Roman architect was a combination engineer, architect, artist and craftsman, Leonardo Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man (man inscribed in a circle and square) based on Vitruvius' description
• De Architectura ("ON architecture")
o 10 books; dedicated to Augustus
o 3 qualities of architecture: Firmitas ("strength"), Utilitas ("usefulness"), Venustas ("beauty")
o Vitruvius saw architecture as an imitation of nature
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Arcagathus |
first recorded Roman doctor, from the Peloponnesus, in 219 B.C.; expert wound surgeon
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Galen |
(A.D. 131-201), A Greek from Pergamon, Eclectic interests early in his life, Became most famous ancient doctor, A.D. 157: Galen returns to Pergamon, takes job as physician at a gladiatorial school, From A.D. 162 on: writing, experimenting and lecturing at Rome- and doctor to the emperors, too! Marcus Aurelius, Commodus, Septimius Severus (examples), Spent rest of his life at Roman imperial court, experimenting and writing, Loved vivisection (live dissection), things he did well- Helped transmit Hippocratic medicine to the Renaissance, Elucidated theory of four bodily humors (yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, blood), His vivisections proved the origins of urine and speech, the causes of paralysis and the uses of the arteries (etc.), think he didn't do so well:, Never fully understood the circulation of blood, Made assumptions about human anatomy based on animals, Was a big fan of bloodletting, Was responsible for the lack of experimentation in subsequent ages
• Many of Galen's Greek works were translated into Syric and then Arabic
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Euclid |
Euclid (of Alexandria): CA 300 B.C., "Father of Geometry" , Elements: fundamental treatise on geometry
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Epicurus |
(CA 340- CA 270 B.C.), Epicurean school founded (at Athens) CA 307 B.C., Pleasure is the greatest good, Gods are irrelevant, Atomic materialism: everything is composed of atoms, No need to worry about death, Is epicureanism hedonism? - No: epicureans believed desires should be minimal, and one should withdraw from public life, School name the Garden
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Ptolemy (astronomer) |
(CA A.D. 90-168), Born in Egypt, Great scholar in his day: wrote on astronomy, astrology, and geography, Drew most accurate world map
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Vandals |
Stilicho was half vandal
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Lucretius |
(CA 99- CA 55 B.C.), Only known work: De Rerum Natura (on the nature of things), Outlines tenets of Epicureanism, Lucretius evidently was very popular
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Seneca |
Lucius Annaeus Seneca (The Younger), CA 4 B.C.- A.D. 65, Roman philosopher, statesmen and dramatist, Tutor to Roman emperor Nero; eventually forced to commit suicide, Stoic works: philosophical essays, 124 letters on morality, Seneca's stoicism: preached practical approaches to problems, especially morality
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Constantine I
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(ruled A.D. 306-337): made Constantinople most important city in the empire, "Battle of the Milvian Bridge" (Giulio Romano, 1520-24). A.D. 312: emperors Constantine I vs. Maxentius; end of tetrarchy, conversion of Constantine to Christianity
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Vizigoths |
defeated large Roman army at the Battle of Adrianople, killed Emperor Valens
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Theodosius I |
(ruled A.D. 379-395), Last emperor of a unified empire, Persecuted Pagans, made Christianity state religion
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Huns |
Hunnic Empire, A.D. 370-469
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Romulus Augustulus |
Roman emperor during the "traditional" fall of Rome, A.D. 476, was deposed
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Equestrian class |
second level upper class, (knights), Economic basis for class: had to have property worth at least 400,000 sesterces (about $800K), probably from business, Family of equestrian men were also equestrians, Could move up to senatorial class if you entered the Senate (hard!)
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Senatorial class |
first level upper class, Political basis for class: all men in the senate and families, Had to have property worth 1,000,000 sesterces (about 2 million dollars?), Senators not allowed to engage in business outside of agriculture
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plebs |
Common people: freeborn, non-senatorial or equestrian roman citizens, lower class 1
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freedmen |
legally freed former slaves, lower class 2
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clarissimi |
(2nd century A.D.) for senatorial class
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honestiores |
"more honorable", legal distinguishers in 3rd Century A.D.
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humiliores |
"more lowly", legal distinguishers in 3rd Century A.D.
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Warren Cup |
dates to Augustan age, famous silver cup- side B= man/boy sex, side A= males of equal age having sex
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Art of Love |
written by Ovid, Ars Amatoria ("Art of Love"), Parody of didactic ("teaching") poetry, Was Ovid banished from Rome by Augustus for writing it?, Reasons for exile= Carmen Et Error= "A Poem and a Mistake", Ovid dies in exile after nearly 10 years! - at Tomis (site of his exile)
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Divination
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finding out the future, Greeks and Romans believed it could work!, Most famous Oracle (Priest/Priestess who could speak for a God): Oracle of Apollo at Delphi, The Pythian Priestess consulted, Haruspex: gut-gazer; read guts of animals for divine messages, Augur (bird flight interpreter)- bronze statuette with Lituus (ceremonial staff), Asklepeion (Temple of Asklepios, God of Healing) on Kos, where incubation (sleeping in the Temple) occurred
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Astrology |
Astrology was seen as a science in Ancient world, and inseparable from astronomy, 2nd century B.C.: As Roman Republic comes into closer contact with Greece, new ideas appear, Astrology appeals to the (practical but) highly superstitious Romans, Lots of Romans used astrologers in the turbulent 1st century B.C., Roman emperors used astrology to justify their rule (Augustus, the first emperor, among them), But: astrology could also predict the deaths of emperors, Astrologers often expelled from Rome, casting of horoscopes forbidden, Astrology dies out (in the West) during the Dark Ages (CA AD 500-1000)
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Defixio |
(curse tablet) made of lead in Greek, 3rd century A.D., Folded and often pierced with a nail, Curse tablets generally placed in hidden locations- but by whom? - found in Roman well, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany, Prayers and rituals also a part of writing curse tablets
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Amulet |
portable charms for success and/or protection - ex of Bronze Greek amulet with wreath visible, Papyrus amulet: Roman period, likely folded and worn in a pouch, Some amulets required skill to produce. Hematite amulet with Hemras slaying the bull
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Apotropaic image |
("turning away") images: found on buildings, in homes, etc.; fought the evil eye!
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evil eye |
image of an eye that is supposed to be evil and watching you
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Glykon |
weird snake thing with snake scales and hair- born during reign of Antoninus Pius
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mystery cult |
A mystery religion was a religion that gave full access and privileges only to initiates, Characterized by secrecy, Most famous of all: Eleusinian mysteries (Greece), Three biggies under the Roman Empire: Isis, Cybele, Mithras
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Isis |
Egyptian goddess, Wife (here mother) of Horus, Divine representation of wife/mother, Possibly divine representation of Queens
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Golden Ass |
written by Apuleius, also called Metamorphoses, only a Latin novel that survives in full; ends with an initiation into the cult of Isis
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Cybele |
Cult from Asia Minor, outside of Toy Mt.Ida, Cybele brought to Rome, 204 B.C.; in an effort to defeat Hannibal!, An earth/mother goddess: A.K.A. Magna Mater ("Great Mother") and Mater Deum ("Mother of the Gods"), Cult grew quickly; Cybele considered responsible for good crops and military victories, Cult was bloody, noisy, and in-your-face:, Priests were self-castrated, Processions involved drums and cymbals, Participants wore bright clothing, jewelry and longer hair
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Mithras |
Mithraism: mystery religion roughly 1st century B.C.- 5th century A.D., Based on worship of Mithras, At its height under the Roman Empire in the 3rd and 4th centuries A.D., Disappeared starting in A.D. 391 with Theodosian decree, Very popular among soldiers, no woman allowed, Seven different ranks, Everyone could attain the first four, which represented spiritual progress through the cult, Last three were specialized, Initiates moved through the Mithraeum like the heavenly bodies through the universe
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Mithraeum |
(cult center): Rome, beneath basilica of San Clements: originally inside a first-century house, The Mithraeum (Plural: Mithraea)- Often subterranean, Regularly in caves, Dark and windowless, Benches along the sides, Sanctuary with altar at one end, All over the empire: often near legionary camps
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Zoroastrianism |
Ahuramazda was the one god of Zoroastrianism, the religion of Ancient Persia (still practiced today)
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Tauroctony |
Mithras killing a sacred bull, Aided by serpent, scorpion, dog, and raven, Likely connection here= constellations
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Ahura Mazda |
Central motif of Mithraism: Ahuramazda sends a sacred bull for Mithras to kill, Ahuramazda was the one god of Zoroastrianism, the religion of Ancient Persia (still practiced today), Mithraism arrived in Rome in the 1st Century, B.C., brought home by returning soldiers, 1st Century A.D.: Pannonia provides earliest Roman evidence for cult; soldiers there had been fighting in region of Armenia between A.D. 60 and 70, By A.D. 200: Mithraism widespread throughout army; also encouraged by 3rd-century emperors: belief in divine nature of monarchs, CA 700 Mithraea at Rome? Lots of monuments, too
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Messianism |
Messianic beliefs increasingly common at this time (resentment of Rome, 1st Century A.D.), King David of Israel (ruled CA 1010-970 B.C.), Many thought the messiah would be a descendent of his line and would lead the Jews to freedom, Into the mess in Judaea Jesus walks, Jesus announces he is the Messiah
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Diaspora |
spreading out of Jews post first Jewish War
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First Jewish War |
A.D. 66-73, Vespasian sent by Nero to put down revolt, A.D. 66, Jerusalem captured by Titus in A.D. 70; Jewish temple plundered and leveled, War greatly damaged Jewish population of Palestine; diaspora Jews now more important
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rabbinical judaism |
reconstruction of Judaism, ritual a central part of Jews' lives
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circus |
Circuses (from Latin, "Circles"): used for chariot (and horse)- racing, Chariot racing was Rome's oldest pastime, and the most popular of the circus games, Chariot/horse races in the east were held in Hippodromes ("horse tracks"), Chariot racing was expensive, but profitable, Four major teams: blues, whites, greens, and reds, Rivalries were intense!, Successful riders could become famous, Greens vs. Blues: The biggest circus rivalry The circus: format- U-shaped arena, Spina ("spine") down the middle, Metae (turning posts) at ends of Spina. Up to 12 4-horse chariot teams would compete at a time and run 7 laps. Quadriga (4-horse chariot group) 2-horse chariot teams sometime raced, and other events were held in circuses. Biga (2-horse chariot)
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hippodrome |
"horse-tracks" where chariot/horse Racing in the East was held
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spina |
spina spine down the middle of the Circus U-shaped arena
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metae |
turning posts at the end of the spina
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quadriga |
4- horse chariot group that raced
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amphitheatre |
A.K.A. Arenas (from Latin Harena, "sand"), Gladiatorial shows were adapted from Etruscan funeral rites, Roman gladiators came from various social classes- many being condemned criminals- and trained at state gladiatorial schools, Sometimes fights with different weapons, fights with women and fights with dwarves, Naumachiae: staged naval battles, Venationes: staged wild animal hunts; hunters were called bestiarii, Original schedule: hunts in the mornings, executions at midday, gladiators in the afternoon, Pompeii had the first amphitheater: 80 B.C.; fresco shows riot at the amphitheater A.D. 59, has an awning in the fresco, First permanent Roman amphitheater: 29 B.C.; most were oval-shaped, some had underground passageways
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murmillo |
type of gladiator, ("Fish-Man"), Fish-crest helmet, oblong shield, sword
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retiarius |
type of gladiator, ("Net-Man"), Net and trident
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samnite |
type of gladiator, Sword, visor, helmet, oblong shield
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thracian |
type of gladiator, Curved scimitar, sword?
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circus maximus
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the oldest circus- built during the Roman Monarchy?
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thermae |
public baths, places to gather socially; contained shops, gardens, statues, libraries...
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tepidarium |
large, valuted hall; moderately heated
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caldarium |
hot bathing area
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frigidarium |
cold swimming pool
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Pliny's letters |
Book 6, Letters 16 and 20: to Tacitus RE: Vesuvius' eruption, Book 10: A.D. 110-112, while in Bithynia, appointed by Trajan, Unique for insights they provide into everyday life and provincial administration, Likely added to collection of letters after Pliny died
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cursus honorum |
"Cycle of Offices:" the political sequence you followed in Rome to get to the top, Originated in the Republic; changed a bit under the empire, but most offices remained similar, Sequence of Offices from bottom to top: Quaestor, Tribune, Aedile, Censor, Praetor, Consul, Imperium: "Power" = freedom for magistrate to act as he wanted in his domain
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consul |
2 consuls, Chief Roman Magistrates ("Co-Presidents"), Elected each year, Convened/presided over Senate and assemblies, Initiated and administered legislation, Served as generals and ambassadors, Consuls could be appointed dictator for 6 months, Became proconsuls after term of office ended= governors of provinces
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dictator |
consuls could be appointed this for 6 months during their time as consul
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proconsul |
consuls became these after term of office ended as consul (governors of provinces)
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praetor |
8 praetors, Primarily judges in law courts, Could convene Senate and assemblies, Took over for consuls when consuls away
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proprietor |
Became after term of office as praetor ended= could govern provinces
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aedile |
4 Aediles, Supervised public places, games, and the grain supply, 2 aediles had to be Plebeians; the other 2 could be Plebeian or Patrician
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censor |
2 censors, Elected every 5 years for 1.5- year term, Generally, only former consuls, Revised lists of Senators and Knights, Conducted census, Did property tax assessment
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tribune |
10 Tribunes, Had to be Plebeian, Could veto any act of a magistrate, Were sacrosanct= you could not attack them or risk immediate death, Could convene Senate and assemblies and initiate legislation
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quaestor |
20 Quaestors, Administered state finances; served in various capacities in provinces, If elected Quaestor, you became eligible for election to the Senate
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senate |
Composed of 600 magistrates and ex-magistrates, Served for life unless expelled, Technically an advisory body, but in reality chief governmental body, Senate House (Curia) Rome, SPQR= Senatus Populusque Romanus ("The Senate and the Roman People"), Composed of all (male) Roman citizens, No debate- just votes, Voting done in groups, not individually, Group votes determined by majority
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comitia curiata |
one of the three types of Roman assemblies, Assembly of the Curiae: oldest; mostly ceremonial/clan functions
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comitia tribute |
one of the three types of Roman assemblies, Assembly of the Tribes: elected some officials; subgroup was open only to Plebeians
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doric order |
very intricate architectural style used on columns
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comitia centuriata |
Assembly of the Centuries: elected some officials, declared war, court of appeal for death sentences
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druidism |
wiped out during Roman conquest of Gaul
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ionic order |
style of architecture, scrolls of it are in the composite column
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tuscan column |
shortened, simplified Doric column
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corinthian order |
floral style architecture
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concrete |
invented 1st Century B.C. Roman Pantheon and Colosseum, colonnade screen with 3 Greek orders
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colosseum |
in Rome, made of three Greek orders
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De Architectura |
written by Vitruvius, ("ON architecture"), 10 books; dedicated to Augustus, 3 qualities of architecture: Firmitas ("strength"), Utilitas ("usefulness"), Venustas ("beauty"), Vitruvius saw architecture as an imitation of nature
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firmitas |
strength, quality of architecture
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utilitas |
usefulness, quality of architecture
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venustas |
beauty, quality of architecture
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asclepius |
credited with getting rid of the plague, Temple of Asclepius Rome, build during Plague in Rome, 295 B.C. importation of cult of Asclepius
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vivisection |
live dissection, Galen loved them, his proved the origins of urine and speech, the causes of paralysis and the uses of the arteries (etc.)
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The Republic |
Plato's, Ordinary people can't attain true knowledge; the wise need to guide them, an elitist viewpoint?, Argument: philosophers should be rulers, with other types of people subordinate, The state is an organism: the whole is greater than its parts
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Epicureanism |
Pleasure is the greatest good, Gods are irrelevant, Atomic materialism: everything is composed of atoms, No need to worry about death, Not hedonism: epicureans believed desires should be minimal, and one should withdraw from public life, School name the Garden, founded by Epicurus, Epicureans rejected the world, save for their small corner
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Stoicism |
founded by Zeno, Believed in the existence of a universal order based on reason, Virtue allows humans to live in harmony with the universe, Stoa Pokile: school, Stoics prized self control and detachment from emotion; known for being stern, Accepted good and bad fate as just, Stoics embraced the world and the idea of universalism, Stoicism ultimately proved more influential? Christians dug it more than epicureanism
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476 A.D. |
The (traditional) "fall of Rome" - Germanic mercenaries capture Ravenna (current capital), depose Roman emperor (Romulus Augustulus), All of Italy soon conquered, and Germanic chieftan (Odoacer) granted title Patrician by eastern emperor (Zeno), Eastern empire remained intact for several more centuries (A.K.A. Byzantine Empire), exact cause unknown
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On The Nature of Things |
Lucretius (CA 99- CA 55 B.C.), Only known work: De Rerum Natura (on the nature of things), Outlines tenets of Epicureanism, Lucretius evidently was very popular
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Byzantine Empire |
after fall of Rome, Eastern empire remained intact for several more centuries (A.K.A. Byzantine Empire)
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Hedonism |
Epicureanism isn't Hedonism
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Meditations |
written by Marcus Aurelius', Stoic philosopher work, written in Greek from A.D. 170-180 while on campaign, Focus: denial of emotion; logical force that organizes universe
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Frankish Empire |
suggestion for what happened when the Roman Empire "fell"- didn't actually fall just transformed into Frankish Empire
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Battle of Adrianople |
A.D. 378, Large Roman Army defeated by Vizigoths, emperor Valens killed, beginning of process which caused fall of the western empire?
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Papyrology |
study of Ancient documents from Egypt written in ink on papyrus paper, Papyrus was the most common writing medium in the Greek/Roman world!, Papyrologists also study Ostraka (broken pieces of pottery (potsherds)), There are fakes antiquities, But papyrologists do not study manuscripts on Vellum (calf skin) or inscriptions
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Papyrus |
reed plant with triangular stalk, sometimes found buried in the sand. Famous find spot: Oxyrhynchus, also mummies! Papyri were used as stuffing and to make mummy masks, After CA 795, payri started to disappear because paper (invented in China during the Han Dynasty, 206 B.C.- A.D. 220) eventually spreads west!, Egypt in the Greco-Roman period provides almost 1000 years of consecutively (mainly Greek) evidence from papyri, Hundreds of thousands of papyri have been found, Contents: extremely broad (letters, receipts, tax lists, etc.), Some papyri are literary (I.E., they contain literature) but the vast majority are documentary (I.E., texts from everyday life), Documentary texts can be dry, but they also provide windows into people's lives unlike anywhere else in the ancient world!, Letter (in Greek) from a man to his wife (Alexandria)
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Hieroglyphics |
(Egyptian): often used on papyri, Egyptian alphabet
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Aramaic |
ancient Jewish language
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Demotic |
Egyptian spoken/written under the Greeks and Romans
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Coptic |
last surviving form of Ancient Egyptian: used Greek alphabet
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Theatre of Pompey |
First permanent theater, Rome, 55 B.C.; capacity of 27,000!
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