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KIN 365: EXAM 2
kinisiology
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The study of human movement
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Biomechanics:
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The physics (mechanics) of motion exhibited or produced by biological systems
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Structural kinesiology:
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The study of muscle, bones & joints involved in the science of movement
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Made of 2 components:
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Made of 2 components:
Bones & muscles
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Bones/ Skeleton:
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206 bones in body serve as a system of levers & make up the human skeleton
Hugely important structure
5 major functions
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5 major functions of skeletal system:
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Protection for vital soft tissue
*Including heart, lungs, & brain
Support to maintain posture
Site of mineral storage
*Specifically calcium & phosphorus
Site of hemopoiesis
*Involving blood cell formation in red bone marrow
Movement
*Serve as points of attachment (origin & insertion) for the muscles & act as levers by which movement is possible
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Can divide skeletal system into 2 planes:
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Axial and Appendicular
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Axial
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*80 bones inc: skull, sternum, ribs, spinal column, & coccyx
*Divide right down the middle
*Gives body front & back
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Appendicular
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*126 bones inc: all bones of upper & lower extremities, including clavicle & pelvis
*Divides right across midline
*Gives body upper/ lower extremities
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Long
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Serve as leavers
Ex. Fibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, humerus
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Short Bones
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Provide shock absorption
Ex. Carpals & tarsals
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Flat bone
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Provide protection
Ex. Ribs, sternum, clavicle, scapula
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Irregular bones
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Variety of purposes
Ex. Bones throughout spine
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Sesamoid bones
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Provide protection & improve the mechanical advantage of musculotendinous units
Ex. Patella
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Joint
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Location at which two or more bones connect
Articulation of two or more bones allowing various types of movement
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Extent & type of movement determine the name applied to the joint including:
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Synarthrodial
Amphiarthrodial
Diarthrodial
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Synarthrodial
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Immobile joints/ minimal movement
Ex. Cranial bones & socket of teeth
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Amphiarthrodial
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Slightly moveable
Ex. Pubis symphysis, intervertebral disks, & ribs @ sternum
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Diarthrodial (aka. Synovial, remember it is a fluid)
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Freely moveable
Ex. knees, shoulder, elbows, wrist, ankle
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Joint capsule:
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Surrounds the bony ends forming the joints
Lined w/ synovial capsule
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Joint cavity:
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Area inside the joint capsule
Lubricated w/ synovial fluid
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Ligaments:
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Connect bone to bone
Provides additional support to joint
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Hyaline cartilage:
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Covers articular surfaces on ends of bones inside joint cavity
Aids in protection from wear
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Can identify muscles by many different methods:
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Direction of fibers
Size
Position w/ each other
Position w/ in body
Shape
Site of origin
# of muscles in group
Where attach
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Skeletal muscles may play many roles in contraction process:
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Agonist
Antagonist
Synergist
Stabilizer
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Agonist muscles
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Primary movers or muscles most involved
Cause joint motion through a specified plane of motion when contracting concentrically
Some agonist muscles, because of their relative location, size, length, or force generation capacity, are able to contribute significantly more to the joint movement than other agonists
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Antagonist muscles
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Located on opposite site of joint from agonist
Have the opposite concentric action as the agonist
Work in cooperation with agonist muscles by relaxing & allowing movement
When contracting concentrically perform the opposite joint motion of agonist
Ex. Quadriceps muscles are antagonists to hamstrings in knee flexion
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Synergist (assister) muscles
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Assist in action of agonists
Not necessarily prime movers for the action
Known as guiding muscles
Assist in refined movement & rule out undesired movement
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Stabilizers
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Surround joint or body part
Contract to fixate or stabilize the area to enable another limb or body segment to exert force & mover
Essential in establishing a relatively firm base for the more distal joints to work from when carrying out
Main stabilizer is our core
Ex. Biceps curl
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Muscle contraction produces force that causes joint movement,
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call these joint or muscle actions
Actions responsible for movement of body and all of its joints
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Abduction
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Lateral movement away from the middle in frontal pane
Ex: at shoulder, raise arm away from hip
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adduction
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Lateral movement towards midline in frontal plane
Ex: at shoulder, lower arm back to hip
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flexion
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Decreasing angel of joint by bringing bones together
Ex: w/ arm straight, bend at elbow
Usually in sagittal plane
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Inversion & Supination:
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Inviting ppl into your arch
Turning sole of foot inward in frontal plane
Standing with weight on outer edge of foot
AKA: adduction
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Eversion & Pronation:
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Ppl existing your arch
Turing sole of foot outward in frontal plane
Standing with weight on inner edge of foot
AKA: abduction
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Dorsi flexion:
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Foot movement in which toe moves towards body in sagittal plane
Ex: bringing toes up
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Plantar flexion:
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Foot movement in which toe moves away from body sagittal plane
Ex: pointing toes
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Pronation
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Internally rotating around the radius
Ex: start palm up and twist at wrist ending w/ palm down
Occurs in transverse plane
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Supination
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Externally rotating around the radius
Ex: start palm down & twist at wrist ending
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Horizontal flexion/ adduction
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Movement of humerus/ femur *in the horizontal plane* towards midline of body
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Horizontal extension/ abduction
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Movement of the humerus/ femur *in horizontal plane* away from midline of body
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Internal rotation
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Rotary movement around axis of bone towards midline
Occurs in transverse plane
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External rotation
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Rotary movement around axis of bone away from midline
Occurs in transverse plane
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Rotation upward
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Movement of scapula in frontal plane in which movement is lateral & upward
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Rotation downward
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Movement of scapula in frontal plane in which movement is medial & downward
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Elevation
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Superior movement of shoulder girdle in frontal plane
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Depression:
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Inferior movement of shoulder girdle in frontal plane
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Retraction
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Backward movement of the shoulder girdle in horizontal plane towards the spine
AKA: Adduction
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Protraction
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Forward movement of the shoulder girdle in horizontal plane away from the spine
AKA: Abduction
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Muscle or joint actions:
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Used to cause, control, or prevent (isometric) joint movement
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All muscle/ joint actions are
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either isotonic or isometric
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muscle actions can:
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Initiate or accelerate movement of a body segment
Slow down or decelerate movement of a body segment
Prevent movement of a body segment by external forces
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Isometric contraction (muscle action)
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Active tension is developed within muscle but joint angles remain constant
Static contractions that prevent motion
Significant amount of tension may be developed in muscle to maintain joint angle in relatively static or stable position
May be used to prevent a body segment from being moved by external forces
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Isotonic contractions (muscle action)
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Involve muscle developing active tension to either cause or control joint movement
Dynamic contractions
The varying degrees of tension in muscles result in joint angles changing
Isotonic contractions are either concentric or eccentric on basis of whether shortening or lengthening occurs
Concentric contractions involve muscle developing active tension as it shortens
Causing motion
Eccentric contractions involve the muscle lengthening under active tension
Controlling motion
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Isokinetics:
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a type of dynamic exercise using concentric or eccentric muscle contractions
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Speed (or velocity) of movement is constant
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Muscular contraction (ideally maximum contraction) occurs throughout movement
Not another type of contraction, as some have described
Ex. Biodex, cybx, lido
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Trapezius: Origin:
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Upper fibers: base of skull, occipital protuberance, and posterior ligaments of neckMiddle fibers: spinous process of seventh cervical and upper 3 thoracic vertebrae Lower fibers: spinous process of fourth through 12 thoracic vertebrae
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Trapezius: insertion:
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Upper fibers: posterior aspect of the lateral third of the clavicleMiddle fibers: medial border of the acromion process and upper border of the scapular spineLower fibers: triangular space at the base of the scapular spine
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Trapezius: action:
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Upper fibers: elevation of the scapula, upward rotation, and extension and rotation of the head and neck Middle fibers: elevation, upward rotation, and adduction (retraction) of the scapulaLower fibers: depression, adduction (retraction), and upward rotation of the scapula
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Levator scapulae: origin
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transverse process of the upper four cervical vertebrae
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Levator scapulae: insertion:
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medial border of the scapula from the superior angle to the scapular spine
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Levator scapulae: action:
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elevates the medial margin of the scapula
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Major and Minor rhomboid: origin:
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spinous process of the 7th cervical and first 5 thoracic vertebrae
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Major and Minor rhomboid: insertion:
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medial border of the scapula, below the spine of the scapula
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Major and Minor rhomboid: action:
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The rhomboid major and minor muscles work together adduction (retraction): draw the scapula toward the spinal column downward rotation: from the upward rotated position; draw the scapula into downward rotation Elevation: slight upward movement accompanying adduction
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Serratus anterior: origin:
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surface of the upper nine ribs at the side of the chest
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Serratus anterior: insertion:
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anterior aspect of the whole length of the medial border of the scapula
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Serratus anterior: action:
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abduction (protraction): draws the medial border of the scapula away from the vertebrae
:
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Pectoralis minor: origin:
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anterior surfaces of the third to the fifth ribs
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Pectoralis minor: insertion:
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coracoid process of the scapula
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Pectoralis minor: action:
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abduction (protraction): draws the scapula forward and tends to tilt the lower border away from the ribs downward rotation: as it is abducts, it draws the scapula downwarddepression: when the scapula is rotated upward, it assists in depression
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Deltoid: origin:
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anterior fibers: anterior lateral third of the clavicle middle fibers: lateral aspect of the acromion posterior fibers: inferior edge of the spine of the scapula
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Deltoid: Insertion:
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deltoid tuberosity on the lateral humerus
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Deltoid: action:
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anterior fibers: abduction, flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation of the glenohumeral jointmiddle fibers: abduction of the glenohumeral joint posterior fibers: abduction, extension, horizontal abduction, and external rotation of the glenohumeral joint
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Pectoralis major: origin:
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upper fibers (clavicular head): medial half of the anterior surface of the clavicle lower fibers (sternal head): anterior surface of the costal cartilages of the first six ribs, and adjacent portion of the sternum
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pectoralis major: insertion:
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flat tendon 2 or 3 inches wide to the lateral lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus
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pectoralis major: action:
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upper fibers (clavicular head): internal rotation, horizontal adduction, flexion up to about 60 degrees, abduction (once the arm is abducted 90 degrees, the upper fibers assist in further abduction), and adduction (with the arm below 90 degrees of abduction) of the glenohumeral jointlower fibers (sternal head): internal rotation, horizontal adduction, and adduction and extension of the glenohumeral joint from a flexed position to the anatomical position
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latissimus dorsi: origin:
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posterior crest of the ilium, back if the sacrum and spinous processes of the lumbar and lower six thoracic vertebrae; slips from the lower 3 ribs
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latissimus dorsi: insertion:
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medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus, just anterior to the insertion of the teres major
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latissimus dorsi: action:
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adduction of the glenohumeral joint extension of the glenohumeral joint internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint
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During lat pull down the scapula stabilizers are:
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levator scapulae & traps
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Because the shoulder joint has such a wide range of motion in so many different planes, it also has a significant amount of laxity, which often results in instability problems such as rotator
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cuff impingement, subluxations, and dislocations. The price of mobility is reduced stability. The concept that the more mobile a joint is , the less stable it is and that the more stable it is, the less mobile it applies generally throughout the body, but particularly in the shoulder joint.
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Teres major: origin:
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posteriorly on the inferior third of the lateral border of the scapula and just superior to the inferior angle
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Teres major: insertion:
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medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus just posterior to the insertion of the latissimus dorsi
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Teres major: action:
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extension of the glenohumeral joint, particularly from the flexed position to the posteriorly extended position internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint adduction of the glenohumeral joint, particularly from the abducted position down to the side and toward the midline of the body
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Teres major is "lats
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little helper"
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Teres major does not help w/
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rotator cuff muscles, teres minor does
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Rotator cuffs must posses not only adequate strength but also a significant amount of muscular endurance
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to ensure their proper functioning, particularly in repetitious overhead activities such as throwing, swimming, and pitching.
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Subscapularis: origin:
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entire anterior surface of the subscapular fossa
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Subscapularis: insertion:
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lesser tubercle of the humerus
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Subscapularis: action:
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internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint adduction of the glenohumeral joint extension of the glenohumeral joint stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
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The subscapularis is relatively hidden behind the rib cage in its location
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on the anterior aspect of the scapula in the subscapular fossa.
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Suprasinatus: Origin:
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medial two-thirds of the supraspious fossa
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Supraspinatus: insertion:
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superiorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
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Supraspinatus: action:
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abduction of the glenohumeral jointstabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
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Teres minor: origin:
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Posteriorly on the upper and middle aspect of the lateral border of the scapula
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Teres minor: insertion:
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Posteriorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
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Teres minor: action:
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External rotation of the glenohumeral joint
Horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint
Extension of the glenohumeral joint
Stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
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The elbow joint is intimately associated with the radioulnar joint in that both bones
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of the radioulnar joint, the radius and ulna, share an articulation with the humerus to form the elbow joint
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Biceps brachii: origin:
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Long head: supraglenoid tubercle above the superior lip of the glenoid fossa
Short head: coracoid process of the scapula and upper lip of the glenoid fossa in conjunction with the proximal attachment of the coracobrachialis
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Biceps brachii: insertion:
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Tuberosity of the radius and bicipital aponeurosis (lacertus fibrosis)
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Biceps brachii: action:
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Flexion of the elbow
Supination of the forearm
Weak flexion of the shoulder joint
Weak abduction of the shoulder joint when the shoulder joint is in external rotation
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The biceps tendon is palpated just anteromedial to
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the elbow joint during supination and flexion
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Brachialis: origin:
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distal half of the anterior shat of the humerus
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Brachialis: insertion:
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Coronoid process of the ulna
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Brachialis: insertion:
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Lateral surface of the distal end of the radius at the styloid process
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Brachialis: action:
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True flexion of the elbow
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Brachialis: action:
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Flexion of the elbow
Pronation o the forearm from supinated position to neutral
Supination of the forearm from pronated position to neutral
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Brachioradialis: origin:
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Distal two-thirds of the lateral condyloid (supracondylar) ridge of the humerus
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Triceps brachii: origin:
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Distal two-thirds of the lateral condyloid (supracondylar) ridge of the humerus
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Triceps brachii: origin:
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Long head: infraglenoid tubercle below inferior lip of glenoid fossa of the scapula
Lateral head: upper half of the posterior surface of the humerus
Medial head: distal two-thirds of the posterior surface of the humerus
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Triceps brachii: insertion:
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Olecranon process of the ulna
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Triceps brachii: action:
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All heads: extension of the elbow
Long head: extension, adduction, and horizontal abduction of the shoulder joint
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Open kinetic chain- the distal end of the extremity
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is not fixed to a relatively stable surface
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The distal end of the extremity is fixed the extremity represents
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a closed kinetic chain
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Intentional variance in a training program
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at regular intervals is known as periodization
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SAID (Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demand) states that the body will gradually, over time, adapt very specifically to the various stresses and overloads
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which it is subjected, is applicable in every form of muscle training, as well as to the other systems of the body
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Valsalva maneuver-
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can cause strokes
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The hip, or acetabular femoral joint, is a relatively stable joint due to its boy architecture, string ligaments, and large, supportive muscles. It functions in
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weight bearing and locomotion, which is enhanced significantly by the hip’s wide range of motion, which provides the ability to run, cross-over cut, side-step cut, jump, and make many other directional changes.
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Expect for the glenohumeral joint, the hip is one of the most mobile joints of the body, largely because of its multiaxial arrangement. Unlike the
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glenohumeral, the hip joints bony architecture provides a great deal of stability, resulting in relatively few hip joint subluxations and dislocations.
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The sciatic nerve supplies sensation to the anterolateral and
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posterolateral lower leg as well as to most of the dorsal and plantar aspects of the foot
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Iliopsoas: origin:
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Iliacus: inner surface of the ilium
Psoas major and minor: lower borders of the transverse processes, sides of the bodies of the last thoracic vertebra, lumbar vertebrae, intervertebral fibrocartilages, and base of the sacrum
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Iliopsoas: insertion:
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Iliacus and psoas major: lesser trochanter of the femur and the shaft just below
Psoas minor:
Pectineal line (of pubis) and iliopectineal eminence
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Iliopsoas: action:
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Flexion of the hip
Anterior pelvic rotation
External rotation of the hip
Transverse pelvis rotation contralaterally when ipsilateral femur is stabilized
Flexion of lumbar spine (psoas major and minor)
Lateral flexion of lumbar spine (psoas major and minor)
Lateral pelvic rotation to contralateral side (psoas major and minor)
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Rectus femoris: origin:
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Anterior inferior iliac spine of the ilium and groove (posterior) above the acetabulum
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Rectus femoris: origin:
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Anterior inferior iliac spine of the ilium and superior margin of the acetabulum
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Rectus femoris: insertion:
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Superior aspect of the patella and patellar tendon to the tibial tuberosity
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Rectus femoris: action:
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Flexion of the hip
Extension of the knee
Anterior pelvic rotation
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Sartorius: origin:
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Anterior superior iliac spine and notch just below the spine
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Sartorius: insertion:
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Anterior medial surface of the tibia just below the condyle
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Sartorius: action:
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Flexion of the hip
Flexion of the knee
External rotation of the thigh as it flexes the hip and knee
Abduction pf the hip
Anterior pelvic rotation
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Sartorius is the longest
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muscle in the body
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Pectineus: origin:
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Space 1–inch wide on the front of the pubis just above the crest (pectineal line)
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Pectineus: insertion:
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Rough line leading from the lesser trochanter down to the linea aspera (pectineal line of femur)
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Pectineus: action:
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Flexion of the hip
Adduction of the hip
External rotation of the hip
Anterior pelvic rotation
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Semitendinosus: origin:
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Ischial tuberosity
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Semitendinosus: insertion:
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Anterior medial surface of the tibia just below the condyle
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Semitendinosus: action:
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Flexion of the knee
Extension of the hip
Internal rotation of the hip
Internal rotation of the flexed knee
Posterior pelvic rotation
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When there is extension of the hip and flexion of the knee at the same time, both
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movements are weak; because of biarticulate insuffiencies
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Semitendinosus: By full extension of the hips in this
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movement, the knee flexion movement is weakened.
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Semimembranosus: origin:
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Ischial tuberosity
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Semimembranosus: insertion:
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Posteromedial surface of the medial tibial condyle
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Semimembranosus: action:
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Flexion of the knee
Extension of the hip
Internal rotation of the hip
Internal rotation of the flexed knee
Posterior pelvic rotation
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Semimembranosus: the muscles are very important in
|
providing dynamic medial stability to the knee joint
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