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KIN 492: EXAM 2
body's maximal ability to take-up, transport, and utilize oxygen |
VO2max
|
the raw amount of oxygen a body consumes |
absolute VO2max
|
units for absolute VO2max |
L/min
|
amount of oxygen a person consumes relative to their body weight |
relative VO2max
|
units for relative VO2max |
mL/kg*min
|
the 2 physiological factors that influence VO2max |
1. central component
2. peripheral component
|
the maximum ability of the cardiorespiratory system to deliver oxygen to the working muscles |
central component (cardiac output)
|
the physiological component of VO2max that deals with how we transport oxygen |
central (lungs, blood, heart)
|
amount of blood ejected by the heart per minute |
cardiac output (HR * SV)
|
amount of times the heart beats per minute |
heart rate
|
amount of blood ejected by the heart per beat |
stroke volume
|
the muscle's ability to take up the oxygen and produce ATP aerobically |
peripheral component (how we utilize O2)
|
what 4 areas make up the peripheral components of VO2max |
1. a-v difference
2. muscle fibers
3. capillary density
4. mitochondria
|
VO2max is the gold standard for determining __________ |
cardiovascular fitness
|
T/F: VO2max is the greatest predictor of all causes of mortality |
true
|
for every L of O2 consumed per minute, approximately ___ kcalories have been expended |
5
|
the point which blood lactate suddenly rises during exercise |
lactate threshold (mmoles/L)
|
_____ is the most powerful predictor of exercise capacity in elite athletes with similar VO2max values |
lactate threshold
|
_______ represents the greatest work output that can be sustained over an extended period of time |
lactate threshold
|
____ exponentially increases with an increasing exercise intensity |
lactate threshold
|
resting lactate is measured at ___ |
1-2 millimoles/L
|
Factors that are responsible for there being a lactatethreshold |
1. low muscle oxygen
2. accelerated glycolysis
3. recruitment of fast-twitch fibers
|
Body's 3 fuel sources |
1. carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
|
body's carbohydrate fuel sources are |
1. blood glucose (stored as glycogen)
2. muscle glycogen
|
body's fatty fuel source |
1. Plasma FFA (from adipose tissue lipolysis)
2. Intramuscular triglycerides
|
protein fuel sources contribute only ___% of total energy production |
2%
|
glucose levels need to be at ______mg/dL of blood |
70-100
|
disorder classified as having blood glucose levels below 70-100mg/dL of blood |
hypoglycemic
|
disorder classified as having blood glucose levels above 70-100 mg/dL |
hyperglycemic
|
disorder classified as having blood glucose levels chronically at 100-125 mg/dL |
prediabetes
|
2 main factors that determine fuel source used |
1. intensity
2. duration
|
what is the main fuel source used for low-intensity exercise? |
fats
|
low-intensity exercise is considered to be <_____% of VO2max |
30%
|
high-intensity exercise is considered to be >___% of VO2max |
70%
|
what is the main fuel source used for high-intensity exercise |
Carbs
|
describes the shift from fat to carbohydrate metabolism as exercise intensity increases |
crossover concept
|
what are the causes responsible for the shift form fat to carb metabolism as exercise intensity increases |
1. recruitment of fast muscle fibers
2. increasing blood levels of epinephrine (stimulates glycolysis)
|
volume of CO2 / volume of O2 is known as |
the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)
|
____ is known to modify the amount of kcals expended during exercise |
type of substrate used
|
RER of .7 indicates... |
100% fat utilization
|
RER of .85 indicates... |
50% fat, 50% CHO utilized (cross-over)
|
RER of 1.00 indicates... |
100% CHO
|
type of fat used most at the lower intensity is ____ |
plasma FFA (free fatty acids)
|
why is there a shift from CHO to fat metabolism during prolonged exercise after 2-3 hours? |
1. reduced rates of glycolysis and pyruvate
2. increased rate of beta-ox
|
the walls of the heart from outermost to innermost |
pericardium> epicardium >myocardium>endocardium
|
cardiac protective sac that contains pericardial fluid |
pericardium
|
outer layer of the heart is known as |
epicardium (flattened epithelial cells & CT)
|
middle layer of the heart that is actually the thickest layer and is known as the cardiac muscle |
myocardium
|
inner layer of the heart |
endocardium (flattened epithelial cells and CT)
|
list the 4 chambers of the heart |
1. right atrium
2. left atrium
3. right ventricle
4. left ventricle
|
the 2 heart valves on the right chamber of the heart |
1. tricuspid valve
2. pulmonary semilunar valve
|
the 2 valves on the left chamber of the heart |
1. bicuspid valve
2. aortic semilunar vlave
|
side of the heart that deals with the pulmonary circuit |
right side
|
side of the heart that deals with the systemic circuit |
left side (why left wall is much thicker)
|
T/F: cardiac muscle fibers are involuntary |
true
|
path of action potential in the heart |
Sinoatrial node> AV node>>bundle of His>> R/L bundle branches >>purkinje fibers
|
the heart's natural pacemaker |
SA node
|
____ innervate the myocardium of the ventricles and trigger them to contract |
purkinje fibers
|
specialized gap junctions that are located b/w individual cardiac muscle fibers and allow for the action potential to spread across the unit |
intercalated discs
|
3 features that differentiate cardiac muscle from skeletal muscle |
1. involuntary
2. longer refraction period
3. more mitochondria
|
the relaxation phase of the heart during which it fills with blood |
diastole
|
at rest, diastole is longer than systole by _____ |
2x
|
the phase of the cardiac cycle in which the heart ejects blood |
systole
|
T/F: as heart rate increases, the duration of cardiac cycle decreases |
true
|
during exercise, ______ is 2x longer than ______- |
systole; diastole
|
pathway of blood to and from the heart |
heart>>arteries>>arterioles>> capillaries >>venules>>veins
|
site of nutrient exchange from blood to organs occurs at |
capillaries
|
2 major arteries that supply blood to the myocardium |
left/right coronary arteries (left is bigger)
|
layers of the arteries are known as |
lumen
|
outermost layer of arteries composed of CT |
tunica adventitia
|
contractile portion of the arteries; composed of smooth muscle |
tunica media
|
increase in the diameter of the artery |
vasodilation
|
decrease in the diameter of the artery |
vasoconstriction
|
layer of lumen that lines the inner layer of the arteries; composed of endothelial cells |
tunica intima
|
layer of lumen that contains chemicals |
tunica intima
|
disease that explains the buildup of fat within the coronary arteries which occludes blood flow resulting in a heart attack |
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
|
hardening of the arteries that occurs with an increase in age |
arteriosclerosis
|
form of arteriosclerosis in which the arteries harden due to fat build up |
arteriosclerosis
|
pressure of the circulating blood against the walls of the vasculature |
blood pressure
|
healthy blood pressure is considered to be.. |
<= 120 (systole)/80 (diastole)
|
what classifies as hypertension |
systolic over 140 mmHg
|
what is the equation for blood pressure |
BP = Q (cardiac output) x TPR
|
what is the equation for cardiac output |
Q= SV x HR
|
what is the equation for SV |
SV= EDV-ESV
|
amount of blood left in the ventricles at the very end of the diastolic phase |
End Diastolic Volume
|
List the three factors affecting HR |
1. intrinsic automaticity
2. cardiovascular autonomic control
3. circulating neurohormones
|
the pressure the heart faces when it contracts is known as |
TPR "afterload"
|
the amount of blood the heart needs to pump to overcome rest and contract |
systolic BP
|
the heart depolarizes at a rate b.w _________ bpm |
60-100 bpm
|
autonomic branch of the nervous system that decreases heart activity |
parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)
|
AcH is released in response to which autonomic system |
parasympathetic
|
autonomic branch of the nervous system that increases heart's activity |
sympathetic
|
norepinephrine and epinephrine are released in response to which autonomic system |
sympathetic
|
sympathetic nervous system takes over at a HR of _____ bpm |
110
|
list the 4 factors affecting SV |
1. ventricular stretch
2. ventricular filling
3. contractility
4. afterload (arterial pressure)
|
describes the positive relationship b/w ventricular stretch and stroke volume |
frank-starling law
|
amount of blood that comes back to the heart from the veins |
venous return
|
contraction force of the myocardium |
contractility
|
List the 3 factors affecting TPR |
1. vessel length
2. blood viscosity
3. vessel diameter (greatest influence)
|
what are some diseases that can affect blood viscosity |
- sickle cell anemia
- blood doping
- high bp
|
during dynamic aerobic exercise, the is an increase in _____ BP only |
systolic
|
during static exercise, ______ BP increases |
- diastolic
- systolic
|
used to describe the central and peripheral components and how they relate to VO2max |
Fick Equation
|
increased blood flow to contracting muscles occur via 2 mechanism |
1. increased cardiac output (Q)
2. redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to working skeletal muscle
|
what are the 4 main principles of training |
1. overload
2. progression
3. reversibility
4. specificity
|
principle of training that says the stimulus must be greater than the norm for improvements to be made |
overload
|
principle of training: the overload stimulus must occur at a gradual increased of 5-10% per week |
progression
|
principle of training that states: as soon as a stimulus is removed, the benefits of exercise training become lost |
reversibility
|
priciple of training: the stimulus applied must be specific to the desired outcome |
specificity
|
FITT guidelines that improve VO2max |
F: 3-5 times per week
I: 50-85% VO2max
T: 20-60 min
T: dynamic; large muscle groups
|
T/F: there is a greater increase in VO2max for de-conditioned or diseased subjects |
true
|
what is the average VO2max increase with training |
15%
|
______ accounts for 40-65% of VO2max |
genetic predisposition
|
_____ doesn't change much even with prolonged exercise |
Heart Rate
|
3 factors that change stroke volume with training |
1. **increased end diastolic vol
2. increased contractibility
3. decreased TPR
|
what factors increase end diastolic vol in the first 6 weeks of training |
1. increased plasma vol ***
2. filling time and venous return increases
3. increased ventricular vol
|
what is responsible for the increased a-v difference during training |
- increase in capillary density; more blood leaving heart
- increase in mitochondrial density
|
increase in the size of a cell |
hypertrophy
|
increase in the cellular number |
hyperplasia
|
muscle cell |
muscle fiber
|
motor neuron and all the cells it innervates is known as |
motor unit
|
most responsible for the initial gain in strength |
neural adaptations
|
most responsible for strength gains after the first 6 weeks |
hypertrophy
|
resistance training increases the ability to activate _____ motor units |
tyep 2x
|
what are the 4 major neural adaptations that occur in the 1st 6 weeks of training |
1. motor unit firing is enhanced
2. neuromuscular junctions become wider/ develop more AcH receptors
3. cross-education
4. decreased antagonistic activity
|
3 major muscle adaptations that occur after 6 weeks of training |
1. hypertrophy
2. increased myofibrils (actin/myosin)
3. increased sarcoplasmic content
|
T/F: there is no increase in muscle fiber number when hypertrophy occurs |
true
|
events within a muscle fiber that lead to hypertrophy are known as |
cellular signaling events
|
3 hormones responsible for hypertrophy |
1. testosterone (lipid based)
2. IGF-1(peptide based)
3. GH (peptide based)
|
how an animal regulates core body temp |
thermoregulation
|
animals that have the ability to maintain a constant core body temperature |
hemotherms
|
core body temperature is regulated by what organ |
hypothalamus
|
what is the humans core body temp |
37 C or 98 F
|
exercise increases metabolic rate and can elevate body temp to ______ F |
104
|
heat transfer through radiation waves |
radiation
|
the mechanism humans primarily lose heat through at resting state |
radiation
|
heat transfer from surface to surface |
conduction
|
heat loss through moving water or air |
convection
|
the primary mechanism in which humans lose heat during exercise |
evaporation
|
heat loss through sweat |
evaporation
|
at rest, how much water is lost through evaporation |
1L
|
during exercise, how much water is evaporated |
5L ( about 1L per hour)
|
when athletes have 2-6% loss in body weight during a bout of exercise |
critical water loss deficit
|
why is critical water loss deficit bad |
hinders performance and increases the risk of a heat illness
|