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GEO 155: FINAL EXAM
Where would you find gelisol and what would a profile look like? |
Where would you find gelisol and what would a profile look like? |
Where would you find spodosol and what would a profile look like? |
Subpolar climates
O - distinct and big
A - minimal
E - lost clay
B - gained clay
|
Where would you find ultisol and what would a profile look like? |
Southeast US (Florida)
Horizons are all normal
|
Where would you find mollisol and what would a profile look like? |
Midwest
A - thick
E - maybe lost some clay
B - maybe gained some clay
|
Where would you find aridisol and what would a profile look like? |
Southwest (Arizona, New Mexico)
A - weak
Other horizons are normal
|
Which soil-forming factors account for the differences between soil types? |
Climate
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What are some characteristics of entisols? |
New soil
Weak A horizon
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What are some characteristics of vertisols? |
Absorbs water well
Consists of clay
In wet and dry climates
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What are some characteristics of inceptisols? |
Young soil
Weakly developed horizons
|
What are some characteristics of histosols? |
Found in wetlands
|
What are minerals? |
Naturally occurring, inorganic, homogenous solids with consistent chemical structure
|
How does igneous rock form? |
Cooling of molten rock
|
What are extrusive igneous rocks? |
Form when molten erupts out of earth's surface
Cools rapidly
Tiny crystals
|
What are intrusive igneous rocks? |
Form beneath earth's surface
Cools slowly
Large crystals
|
How does sedimentary rock form? |
From the remains of older rocks
Usually found at the bottom of the ocean
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What is clastic sedimentary rock? |
Forms from rock and mineral fragments
Ex: sandstone or shale
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What is chemically precipitated sedimentary rock? |
Forms when dissolved materials precipitate out to form a new solid
|
What is organic sedimentary rock? |
Forms from the plant or animal debris
|
How does metamorphic rock form? |
When pre-existing rocks are subjected to extreme temperature and pressure
|
What is foliated metamorphic rock? |
Layered
|
What is non-foliated metamorphic rock? |
Not layered
|
What is the hydrologic cycle? |
Circulation of water in the atmosphere
|
What can happen to water from precipitation once it reaches earth's surface? |
Infiltration or overland flow
|
What are the roles of substrate, topography, vegetation, climate, and land use in influencing overland flow or infiltration? |
Substrate - fine: overland flow, coarse: infiltration
Topography - steep: overland flow, flat: infiltration
Vegetation - less: overland flow, more: infiltration
Climate - freezing soils: overland flow
Land Use - logging, pasture, urbanization: overland flow, straight-row plowing: overland flow, contour plowing: infiltration
|
What is the drainage basin or watershed of a stream? |
Where the water eventually ends up
|
What are the 3 routes of water from slopes to streams and what is the speed of each one? |
Overland flow (fast)
Infiltration (medium)
Groundwater (slow)
|
What is the recurrence interval of a flood? |
The estimated likelihood of a flood occurring
|
What is meant by "50 Year Flood"? |
The recurrence interval is 50 years
There's a 2% chance of having one in any given year
|
What is a short-term hydrograph? |
Used for short-term events, like a storm
|
What are the parts of a short-term hydrograph? |
Amount of precipitation
Amount of water
Base flow
Flood peak
|
What are the characteristics of a short-term hydrograph in an environment with high overland flow? |
High flood peak due to high overland flow
|
What is an annual hydrograph and how can they reflect climate? |
Shows the amount of water present in a year
High quantity of water reflects a climate that has a lot of rainfall
|
What is fluvial geomorphology? |
How rivers shape landforms
|
What is sediment? |
Fine mineral matter that is transported and deposited by way of air, water, or ice
|
What is bedload? |
Particles roll or bounce along the bottom of a river
|
What is suspended load? |
Small rocks are suspended in the water
|
What is a dissolved load? |
Material dissolved in the water and being carried along
|
What is alluvium? |
Particles deposited by a river
|
How does the shape of a stream channel tend to reflect the type of sediment it transports? |
Narrow - suspended load
Wide - bedload
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What does it mean if a stream is in equilibrium? |
The stream's energy is equal to its workload
|
What is stream erosion? |
Caused by an increase in energy and decrease in workload (energy>workload)
|
What is aggradation? |
Sediment builds up in a river
Caused by a decrease in energy and increase in workload (workload>energy)
|
How are most valleys created? |
Degradation and stream erosion
|
What is a stream terrace? |
Where a stream used to be
|
What is an alluvial fan? |
Mass of alluvium deposits
|
What did you learn from the video about Mississippi River floods? |
Was a 500 year flood
Upper Widwest was most affected
|
What is a glacier? |
Large accumulation of snow and ice that develops on land
Slowly moves under the pressure of its own weight and the pull of gravity
|
How does a glacier form? |
Accumulation of snow and ice due to cold temperatures
|
Where can glaciers be found? |
Used to be in North America
|
What was the Pleistocene? |
Most recent ice age
Ended about 11,700 years ago
|
What is the zone of accumulation? |
Snowfall > snowmelt
|
What is the zone of ablation? |
Snowmelt > snowfall
|
What is the equilibrium line of a glacier? |
Snowfall = snowmelt
|
What is glacial drift? |
Erosion and transportation of sediment by glaciers
|
What is glacial till? |
Unsorted pieces of rock that occur when ice melts
|
What is glacial outwash? |
Sorted pieces of rock that move with running water from a glacier
|
How can you tell the difference between glacial drift, till, and outwash? |
Drift: carries sediment with it
Till: creates sediment
Outwash: washes sediment away
|
What causes a glacier to retreat? |
Ablation > accumulation
|
What causes a glacier to advance? |
Accumulation > ablation
|
What is a terminal moraine? |
Marks the farthest point a glacier reached
|
What is a recessional moraine? |
When a glacier stops and creates a moraine
|
What is a ground moraine? |
Forms moraines in valleys
|
What is a lateral moraine? |
Forms moraines on the sides of valleys
|
What are landforms associated with continental glaciation? |
Drumlins
Kettle
Kame
Esker
|
What are landforms associated with alpine glaciation? |
Cirque
Arete
Horn peak
Tarn
|
How can you estimate the direction of glacial movement from drumlins? |
The skinny side is the direction that the glacier is going
|
What do glacial features look like on a topographic map? |
Cirque - looks like a C
Arete - V on a mountainside
Horn peak - much higher than the land around it
Tarn - little body of water
|
What is physical weathering? |
Breakdown of rock naturally
Ex: frost shattering
|
What is chemical weathering? |
Chemical change to the rock
Ex: limestone being broken down by acids
|
What is frost shattering? |
A liquid freezes and expands
Ex: beer exploding
|
How does limestone get weathered? |
Interaction with an acidic fluid
|
How do dolines and caves form? |
Water escapes below the surface, creating underground caverns
Dolines - limestone caverns eventually collapse creating a sinkhole
|
What is sheet erosion? |
Erosion by overland flow
|
What is undercutting? |
Rockfall that leads to a steep cliff
|
What is mass wasting? |
Erosion not carried by water
Ex: landslides and creep
|
What is a creep? |
Slow mass movement creating a slope
Water soaks into particles causing them to move up. When the water is no longer soaking a hillside, the particles move down a little farther than where they were before
|
What is the type of erosion that results in steep cliffs? |
Undercutting
|
What is the difference between how sheet erosion and creep shape slopes? |
Sheet erosion makes a steep slope
Creep makes a gradual slope
|
What is the difference between the erosional processes shaping the Chadron and Brule formations in the Dakota Badlands? |
Chadron Formation: coarse, infiltration, creep, little hills
Brule Formation: fine, overland flow, sheet erosion, sharp peaks
|
What is the inner core? |
Nickel and iron
Solid
Extreme pressure
|
What is the outer core? |
Nickel and iron
Liquid
Slightly less pressure than inner core
Reason why we have a magnetic north
|
What is the mantle? |
Thickest layer
Between outer core and crust
|
What is the asthenosphere? |
Upper mantle
What the continents sit on
Solid but flows
|
What is the uppermost mantle? |
Made of rigid hot rock
|
What is the lithosphere? |
Crust and upper mantle
|
What is the difference between oceanic and continental crust? |
Oceanic crust is thicker
Ocean (mafic) rocks are darker and denser than continental (felsic) rocks
|
What is the continental drift theory? |
Alfred Wegener
All continents were once one supercontinent
|
What is the plate tectonic theory? |
Francis Bacon
Earth's crust is divided into plates that glide over the mantle
|
What was Pangea? |
Supercontinent
|
What was Thelassa? |
Water mass (same time as Pangea)
|
How are island arcs formed? |
Oceanic-oceanic convergence
|
How are oceanic trenches formed? |
Oceanic-oceanic convergence
Occurs by subduction
|
How are rift valleys formed? |
Continental-continental divergence
|
Where is volcanism likely to exist? |
Along plate boundaries
Ex: Ring of Fire
|
What is an effusive eruption? |
Just molten
|
What is an explosive eruption? |
Smoke and ash cloud
|
What is a shield volcano? |
Made by basaltic lava flows
Vent is shaped like a bowl
Long, gentle sides (kind of like a shield)
|
What is a cinder cone? |
Made of a loose pile of rocks
|
What are composite cones? |
Composed of alternating layers of hardened lava, volcanic ash, and rock fragments
Lava comes out from areas other than the vent, too
|
What is a lava dome? |
Magma piles up thick and high around the vent
|
What is a caldera? |
A volcanic crater, usually formed after an eruption leading to a collapse of the vent of the volcano
|
What are nuée ardentes? |
Rapidly moving cloud of gas, ash, etc. from a volcanic eruption
|
What are lahars? |
Mudflow on the slopes of a volcano
|
What kind of plates may lead to deformation from tension, compression, or shear? |
Tension: divergent plates
Compression: convergent plates
Shear: transform plate
|
What are the basic types of faults? |
Reverse
Normal
Strike-Slip
|
What is a reverse fault? |
Arrows moving towards each other
Plate on the left falls below
|
What is a normal fault? |
Arrows moving away from each other
Plate on the right falls below
|
What is a strike-slip fault? |
They move next to each other
Ex: photo of road after SF earthquake
|
What are fault scarps? |
Looks like a steep step
Caused by slip on the fault
|
What are horsts? |
Raised block of crust lying between two faults
|
What are grabens? |
Block of crust lying between two faults and displaced downward
Ex: rift valley
|
What is anticline? |
Upward folding of a landscape
|
What is syncline? |
Downward folding of a landscape
|
What are monoclines? |
One fold
|
What are hogbacks? |
A long mountain range caused by erosion of a synclinal ridge
|
What is a cuesta? |
Ridge with a gentle slope on one side and a steep slope on the other
|
What are mesas? |
Plateau
|
What are buttes? |
Like a mesa but steeper and narrower
|