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EST 200: FINAL EXAM
folklore |
Includes stories, song, and dance from a particular group comprising the traditions of the culture.
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motif |
a story situation in a folklore
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myth |
a traditional narrative in which people explain the nature of the world they live in, and their place in that world.
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ethnomusicology |
the study of a societies music in terms of its cultural setting
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shaman |
A human being who contacts and attempts to manipulate the power of spirits for the tribe or group.
-learn special religious power on his or her own, and is thought to posses certain special ability to deal with supernatural beings and power
-tells supernatural what to do
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cosmology |
The most general understanding of the overall structure of the universe: the picture of the world held by a particular people.
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levirate |
man marries his brothers widow
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sororate |
woman marries her deceased sister's husband
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descriptive kinship |
Everybody gets a unique kin name; American kinship terms only have 2 descriptive kin terms, mother father; each term only identifies 1 individual
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dowry |
Custom in which the family of a woman transfers property or wealth to her and/or her husband's family upon her marriage
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bride service |
a designated period of time when the groom works for the bride's family
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bride price |
money or property given (in some societies) by the bridegroom to the family of his bride
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bilocal |
system under which a married couple has the choice of living with the husband's or wife's family
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avunculocal |
Married couple goes to live with the husbands mother's brother
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marriage |
All societies have a custom of marriage; socially approved sexual and economic union of a man and a woman pressured permanent, between spouses and children
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culture |
Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.
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language
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A system of communication through the use of speech; a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
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cultural relativism |
Principle that people's beliefs and activities should be interpreted in terms of their own culture
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epic |
long oral narratives which are sometimes poetry; or rhythmic prose; or recount the glorious events of the life of real or legendary persons.
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legend |
Semi-historical narratives that
1) recount the deeds of heroes, and
2) the movement of peoples, and or,
3)the establishment of local customs.
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art |
reflection of the cultural values and concerns of the people in society being studied; the human ability to make things, creativeness; defined by the people in their own culture; expresses feelings and ideas; includes oral traditions
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priest/priestess |
full time religious specialists who frequently tell people what to do
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mana |
malanesian belief that force is inherent in all objects; is not physical in itself but can reveal itself physically
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animism |
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. 1. a physical, visible body
2. and a psychic, invisible soul.
3. a belief in spirit beings
(E.B. Tylor)
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animatism |
a belief in supernatural forces; inanimate power just beyond the reach of the senses
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witchcraft |
An explanation of events based on the belief that certain individuals possess an innate psychic power capable of causing harm, including sickness and death.
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magic |
defined as ritual practices, belief that supernatural powers can be compelled to act in certain ways for good or evil purposes by recourse to certain specified formulas, to ensure good crops replenishment of game.
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religion |
the beliefs and patterns of behavior by which humans try to deal with what they view as important problems that;
1. Cannot be solved through the application of known technology or
2. Techniques of organization. To overcome these limitations, people turn to the manipulation of supernatural beings and powers.
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pastoralists |
Nomads who kept herds of livestock on which they depended for most of their food
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intensive agriculturalists |
large-scale agriculture often involving the use of animal labor, equipment, and water division techniques
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how to get people in states to behave |
use force
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state |
most formal political organization where the political power is centralized not permanent
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how to get people in chiefdoms to behave |
chief has power to use force
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chiefdom |
A regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under a single chief, who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people.
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how to get people in a tribe to behave |
withdrawal of cooperation, gossip, criticism, belief disease was caused by antisocial actions
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tribe |
Any system of social organization made up of villages, bands, or other groups with a common ancestry, language, culture, and name
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how to get people in bands to behave
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gossip, ridicule, direct negotiation, mediation
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band |
small group of related people occupying a single religion
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government |
the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed
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political organization |
the means a society uses to maintain under internally and manage its affairs with other societies externally; band, tribe, chiefdom, state
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intensive agriculture |
A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.
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residence patterns |
where married couples are expected to reside in a given culture
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economics arrangements for marriage |
bride price, dowry, bride service.
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cross cousin marriage |
marriage between the children of siblings of the opposite sex
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parallel cousin marriage |
Marriage between children of same-gender siblings
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baka |
This group of people call the rainforest region of Africa their home even though deforestistation has destroyed much of it. They have been refered to as monkeys and have been treated as slaves
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south coastal china |
have been sustainable for a long time, new methods are sustainable on short term but not long term cuz it eliminates biota; feng-shui; deforestation; rice; water difficult to control at bottom of valley
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massai |
group of people found in Kenya, well-known African ethnic group; Rite of passage: females go through circumcision. Seminomadic pastoralists
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navajo |
Helped America code Messages during the war; biggest reservation in the US, biggest spoken language; semisedentary pastoralists
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maya |
ANCIENT CIVILIZATION MOSTLY LOCATED IN SOUTHERN MEXICO, YUCATAN PENINSULA, BELIZe, AND GUATEMALA. Intensive agriculturists
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hopi |
Horticulturists. A Native American tribe in the southwest who were farmers, lived in pueblos, and were excellent builders and potters. Descendants of the Anasazi.
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cattle ranchers in american west |
came in 1960's. they wanted more land to feed their cattle and they argued that they were making good use of the rainforest by raising food for the world and earning more income for Brazil
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aluxes |
own the forests of pich; related to lords of the winds, 3 ft tall, little or no clothing and sombreros and flip flops; either help or hurt crops; dont like loud human noises; protect against danger
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tragedy of the commons |
situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community
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pantheon |
a collection of gods
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functions of religion |
1) Reduce anxiety by explaining the unknown and making it understandable.
2) Comfort in times of crisis
3) Sanction human conduct by providing notions of right and wrong
4) Maintaining social solidarity
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pibloktoq |
uncontrollable desire to tear off one's clothing and expose oneself to severe winter weather, is a recognized psychological disorder in parts of Greenland, Alaska, and the Artic regions
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amok |
Brooding, followed by hyperactive or violent behavior, persecutory ideas, amnesia, and exhaustion, usually among male
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wiitiko* |
type of psychosis found mostly among the males of some North American Indian tribes, including the Ojibwa and Cree. The individual has the delusion that he is possessed by the spirit of a Wiitiko, a cannibal giant, and he has illusions and cannibalistic impulses. There are several theories as to its cause
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rural development in Pich |
ejidos are commons, campeche=trading city; mostly corn crops, supplemented by other things; some resort to working in cities; traditional practices require a lot of land but are sustainable; projects have not met expectations so swidden agriculture is fundamental
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Chultunes |
Mayan underground granaries for the food (corn) to store. Mayans build bottle shaped reservoir that could hold 7,500 gallons of water.
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tuti wah |
mayan rain ceremony in pitch. praised lord of the winds during this time
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aguada |
pool or watering hole.
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agriculture involution |
a pattern in which people work harder and harder to grow more and more on less and less land
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mecate |
Land area measurement referred to in Milpa agriculture; field to plant milpa; preferable in rocks on the slope
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theories on origin of state* |
Increase range of vision, Free hands to carry tools, Free hands to harvest fruit. Provisioning theory, Divine Right of Kings, Force, Evolutionary, Social Contact
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caste |
A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life
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class* |
the system of ordering a society in which people are divided into sets based on perceived social or economic status
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playing with poison* |
Elizabeth Guillette's investigates the impact of pesticide harm on developing children.
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ejido |
land granted by Mexican government to an organized group of peasants; commons
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kula ring |
A form of balanced reciprocity that reinforces trade relations among the seafaring Trobriand Islanders and other Melanesians.
-Soulva-clockwise -Mwali-counter clockwise
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anthropology |
scientific study of humans; global, holistic, scientific
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culture |
set of rules or standards learned and shared by members of society that produce their definition of proper and acceptable behaviors; largely learned through language
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language |
a system of sounds and gestures which when put together according to certain rules results in meaning that are intelligible to all speakers
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Patrilocal |
married couple lives with or near the husband's parents
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Matrilocal |
married couple lives with or near the wife's parents
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nuclear family |
married couple and their children
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ritual |
are a set form or system of rites; religious or otherwise; used to manipulate supernatural beings and powers by believers, to their advantage; ex:prayers, songs, dances, offerings, sacrifices, smells
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religion in upper class |
religion is less important as they have more control over their destiny
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religion in lower class |
religion serves as:
a) Compensation for their dependent status in society.
b) Also controlling of their question - hope for a better existence after death.
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rites of passage |
Birth,
Puberty,
Marriage,
Parenthood,
Advancement,
Death
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3 points of rituals |
Separation
Transition
Incorporation
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exogamy |
requiring one to marry outside of ones kin group or community
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endogamy |
requiring one to marry WITHIN one's own kin, or caste, or community (Religion, ethnic, economic, or other) group
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monogamy |
one man marrying one woman at a time
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polygyny |
most societies allow a man to be married to more than one woman at the time
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polyandry |
the marriage of one woman to several husbands - is very rare.
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extended family |
It consists of 2 or more single-parent, monogamous (nuclear), polygynous, or polyandrous families linked by a blood tie.
The extended family is the prevailing form of family in more than half the societies known to anthropology.
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families are formed in ties of: |
blood and law (as in marriage and adoption)
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milpero |
man who produces his family's own food, as well as some to sell (Don Eus) in the milpa
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milpa |
sacred corn, beans, squash, chiles, flowers, other plants; created out of the forest which belong to aluxes;sacred because they make human life; grow multiple crops at once. growing a mixture of crops on the same land, increases production; used maybe 2or 3 years and then moved
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swidden agriculture in pich |
small field separated by forest; begins anytime between august and december; monte alto= high forest, rarely cut; timing is critical
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wind lords |
ceremonial offerings made to them for rain and for success of crops; sakha= before clearing or planting, asks for their help with success of staple crops
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pich wives |
reinforce milpa campaneros; share meals; help with child care; support each other in emergencies; nuclei of extended families
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bajos |
depressions with clay soils which became seasonal swamps during the rainy season; traditional maya used them
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browsers |
animals whose food consists mainly of the foliage of bushes and trees
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grazers |
animals whose food consists mainly of grasses and other low growing plants
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herdsman husbandry |
a pastoral technique used as a component of an agricultural system, in which most members of the group are sedentary agriculturalists but some are raised at distant pastures tended by herdsman
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milch pastoralism |
the production of milk as the major pastoral product
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nomadic pastoralism |
the type of pastoralism in which groups are small, mobile, and completely dependent on their animals
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seasonal transhumance |
the seasonal movement of herders and their animals from pasture to pasture while the rest of the population stays in one place; the term is sometimes applied to hunter-gatherers to describe a seasonal round
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sedentary |
living in one place all the time
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sedentary animal hubandry |
a pastoral technique used as a component of an agricultural system in which full-time farmers will also raise some animals in and around their farms; ex: modern dairy farming and cattle feedlots
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seminomadic pastoralism |
some horticulture; most common
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semisedentary pastoralism |
horticulture important
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tethered nomadism |
a pastoral group whose seasonal round is limited within a well-defined territory
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dry farming |
the production of crops relying only on rainfall to water the crops
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irrigation |
the purposeful diversion of water from its natural course onto agricultural fields
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agricultural involution |
a pattern in which people work harder and harder to grow more and more on less and less land
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environmental justice |
a movement that seeks to defend disadvantaged groups from being disproportionally affected by bad environmental policies and to equalize opportunities as resources become less abundant
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tale |
is a creative narrative recognized as fiction for entertainment
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tonality |
in music, it is the scale systems and their modification; It is what, upon hearing a particular selection of music, makes you feel it is familiar and "OK" even if you have never heard the particular piece of music before. Or upon hearing, that which makes you "feel" the music is not "right".
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