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GBIO 153H: FINAL EXAM
What are the types of fossilization? Give an example. |
Ice - British Expedition: Franklin
Amber - Insects fossilized within
Tar - La Brea Tar pits
Coal - Remnants of plants
Sediment - Vast majority of Fossils (especially ones found in LA)
Petrification (Replacement) - Petrified wood
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What is petrification? |
It is when an organic material is replaced by inorganic material.
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What are ichnofossils (trace fossils)? |
Signs of where an organism may have been
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What is an example of an ichnofossil? |
footprint |
What is a gastrolith? |
Gizzard Stones
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What is a coprolite? |
Fossilized feces
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How is a cast formed? |
It is formed when an organism dies due to chemical reactions.
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What is a pseudofossil? |
appears to be a fossil, but is really just a pretty rock
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What is microevolution? |
species level or below small scale evolution within one species
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What is macroevolution? |
above species level changes over long periods of time; more than one species
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What are the proofs of macroevolution? |
-Paleontology
-Fossils must be 10,000 years old to be a true fossil
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What are the conditions of fossilization? |
Possess hard parts (ex. femur)
-Hiding it from scavengers so they don't tear it us or weather scatter it
-Has a quick burial, gets covered up as quickly as possible so weather or oxygen won't get to it
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What is relative dating? |
-simplest means of dating
-date the fossil by the strata it's in
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What is uniformitarism? |
the laws of nature do not change
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What is radioactive decay? |
- the spontaneous breakdown of an atomic nucleus resulting in the release of energy and matter from the nucleus
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What is carbon dating? |
- most common type of radioactive decay
- only good for 60,000 years old
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When did the Big Bang happen? |
13.75 billon years ago
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What is the Big Bang theory? |
We come from dead stars.
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What biological events happened in the Archeozoic era? |
- From absence of life through chemical origin of life
- Protobiotic formed
- Anaerobic and photosynthetic bacteria evolve
- Heterotrophism established
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What biological events happened in to Proterozoic era? |
- Autotrophism established
- Rise of eukaryotes
-Algae diversie
- Protozoans, worms and other soft-bodies animals present
- Prokaryotic organisms still abundant
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What biological events happened in the Paleozoic era during the Camber Ian period? |
-All invertebrate phyla present
- Many species of trilobites
-Algae complex
-Cambrian Explosion happened
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When was the Age of Amphibians? |
Paleozoic Era during the Camberian period
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What biological events happened during the Paleozoic era during the Ordovician? |
- Abundant trilobites, crinoids, brachiopods, cephalopods, and other marine invertebrates
- First vertebrate appear
- Primitive plants
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When was the age of invertebrates? |
Paleozoic Era during Ordovician
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What biological events happened in the Paleozoic era during the Silurian? |
- Invasion of the land by vascular plants and arthropods
- Diversity of graptolites and marine invertebrates
- Eurypterids were dominant
- Fish were primitive
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When did the origin of life occur? |
Archeozoic
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When did aerobic creatures start to form? |
Proterozoic
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When did plants start to evolve and come on land? |
Silurian
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What biological events happened in the Paleozoic era during the Devonian period? |
- First amphibians appear
- Abundant sharks and fish
- Presence of lungfish
- Marine invertebrates abundant
- Land plants increasing
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What biological events happened during the carboniferous Mississippian period? |
Radiation of the amphibians
- Many bony fish and sharks
- First winged insects
- Many crinoids and brachiopods
- Great coal forests including club mosses, horsetails, and giant ferns
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What biological events happened during the carboniferous Pennsylvanian period? |
- Origin of reptiles
- Diversity of amphibians
- Giant insects
- Great coal forests including club mosses, horsetails, and giant ferns
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What biological events happened during the Permian period? |
- Adaptive radiation of the reptiles displacing the amphibians
- Major extinction of many species of plants and animals
- Modern insects increase
- Gymnosperms appear
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What is the age of fishes? |
Devonian period
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When did amphibians give rise to reptiles? |
Carboniferous period
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When was the worst extinction of the planet? |
Permian period
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What is the age of reptile/dinosaurs? |
Mesozoic Era
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What biological events happened during the Triassic period? |
- Variety of reptiles
- Thecodonts dominate
- Presence of mammal-like reptiles and early mammals
- First dinosaurs
- Many marine invertebrates
- Ferns, cycads, and conifers dominate
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What biological events happened during the Jurassic period? |
- Giant reptiles common
- Diversity of dinosaurs and marine invertebrates
- Early mammal populations increasing
- Archaeopteryx and toothed birds
- Ferns, cycads, and conifers dominate
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What biological events happened during the Cretaceous period? |
- Dinosaurs dominate before extinction
- Extinction of the giant reptiles and many marine invertebrates
- Elimination of one-fourth of all animal families
- Reduction of cycads, ferns, gymnosperms
Marsupials and placental mammals population increase
- Rise of flowering plants
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What is the age of mammals? |
Crenozoic Era
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What biological events happened during the Tertiary Paleocene period? |
- Archaic mammals dominate
- Large flightless birds
- Subtropical plants
- Woody flowering plants present
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What biological events happened during the Tertiary Eocene? |
Modern orders of animals
- Adaptive radiation of placental mammals
- First horses, giant birds, subtropical forests
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What biological events happened during the Tertiary Oligocene? |
- Whales and primates developing
- Temperate plants
- Giant foraminiferans
- Archaic mammals extinct
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What biological events happened during the Tertiary Miocene? |
- Vast grasslands with grazing mammals
- Modern sub-families present
- Radiation of the large carnivores
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What biological events happened during the Tertiary Pliocene? |
- The Peak of mammals
- Most genera of plants and animals present
- First hominids
- Large carnivores
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What biological events happened during the Quaternary Pleistocene? |
- Developments of modern species of plants and animals
- Decline of great mammals
- Developments of early humans
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What biological events happened during the Quaternary Recent? |
- Dominance of modern plants and animals
- Rise of herbaceous plants
- Extinction of giant mammals
- Man has great impact on the planet
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How old are dinosaurs? |
180 million years old
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What happened with the Hadean Era? |
- bombardment of meteorites
- "Great Bombardment"
- Most water given to Earth was from comets
- "Hell-like" time
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Who are Oparin and Haldane? |
- 1920's scientist
- Came up with the "Chemical Origin of Life"
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What is the first step pf the Chemical Origin of Life hypothesis? |
Abiosynthesis |
What is abiosynthesis? |
- inorganic molecules give rise to organic molecules
- ex. CO2, CO, CH4, H2, NH4, H2S
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Who are Miller and Urey? |
1950's scientists
- experiment for "soup of life," brown mush created that was a pool of amino acids from inorganic compounds
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What is the second step in the Chemical Origin of Life? |
- Polymerization: chemical reaction to format 3 diminsional networks
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What is the third step in the Chemical Origin of Life? |
- Aggregation: previous molecules will interact with one another
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What is the fourth step in the Chemical Origin of Life? |
- Conquest of energy: ATP - simple molecule
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What is the fifth step in the Chemical Origin of Life? |
- Origin of Genetic Code: RNA is the grandfather of DNA
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What are the theories of the Chemical Origin of Life? |
- Panspermia: seeds to life on Earth came from space
- Hydrothermal vent
- Endosymbiont
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Who tested Panspermia? |
Francais Crick
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What does Endosymbiont mean? |
Mitochondria and chloroplasts established a relationship and became part of the species of cells
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What is the waste product of photosynthesis? |
Oxygen |
Life on Earth prolifically exploded during what era? |
Cambrian |
What is the Burgess Shale Walcot? |
Cambrian Rock deposits
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What is an Ortofesit? |
- Arthropods were top animals on the planet
- Age of Invertebrates
|
When did plants become vascular? |
Silurian |
When did sea scorpions come about? |
Eurypterid |
What is an armored fish? |
Ostracoderms
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What is Archaeopteryx lithographic? |
- represents the transition between dinosaur and birds
- eyes more like a bird
- tail like a reptile
- transitional fossil
- When you look at birds, you are looking a distant relatives to dinosaurs.
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What period is represented by the "Time of Dying"? |
Cretaceous
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What is an epoch? |
shorter periods of time
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When was the evolution of grass? |
Neocene |
What happened during Australopithecus Afarensis? |
Origin of humans
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When did hominidaes come about? |
3 million years ago
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What transitional fossil was found to link between ancient and modern humans? |
Lucy |
What does Sahelanthropus tchadensis represent? |
- the break between humans and chimps
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What is the proof of evolution? |
- Comparative anatomy
- irreducible complexity
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What are homologous structures? |
- similar origin but not necessarily same function
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What are the 3 Germ Layers? |
1. ectoderm: skin, nails, hair, etc.
2. mesoderm: connective tissues, blood, etc.
3. endoderm: bladder, liver, etc.
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What does divergent mean? |
from similar beginning
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True or False: Homologous structures are divergent. |
True
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True or False: Analogous structures are divergent. |
False; they are convergent.
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What is an analogous structure? |
different origins but similar functions
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What is a vestigial structure? |
Structure of feature within a species that has lost original function or is lost completely
ex. Human's appendix
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What is atavism? |
- embryological throwback
- structures that should be gone but appear
- ex. Dolphins being born with hind legs.
Person born with a tail.
Person born with pharyngeal pouches and arches (gill slits)
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What scientist studies embryology? |
Von Baer - 1800's
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What is embryology? |
- all organizing starts off with a common blue print
- Evo- Devo
- genetics of development
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What is Epigenetics? |
- beyond Mendel
- environment influence traits
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How are transitional fossils found? |
through comparative anatomy and DNA
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What are living fossils? |
Give a picture of evolution
- Organism that is alive that looks like ancestors
- ex. horseshoe crab, ginko trees
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What is an example of evolutionary reversals? |
Whales and dolphins returning to the sea
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What two components are involved in molecular genetics? |
DNA - nuclear, mitochondrial
RNA - Family relationships
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What is gene pool? |
genes available within a population
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What is mutation? |
misspelling of genetic code
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What are the 3 types of mutations? |
- neutral
- harmful: genetic diseases
- beneficial: genetic advantages
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What is genetic load? |
harmful genes in a population
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What is inbreeding? |
mating closely related individuals
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What is genetic drift? |
- allele and genetic frequencies
- If a gene pool is limited, there is a greater chance for mutations to happen
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What is an example of the Founder's effect? |
Huntington's Disease
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What is an example of Population Bottleneck? |
- A disaster that happens that reduces population
- cheetah
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What is biogeography? |
Range and distribution
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What is an example of biogeography? |
Fox squirrels in LA
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What is allopatric? |
separated in space
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What are the isolating mechanism in Prezygotic? |
- geography
- ecological
- seasonal
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what is biology based upon? |
evolutionary concepts
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theory |
accepted to be true but not law
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law |
universal truth
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hypothesis |
educated guess
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evolution |
a change in gene frequency over time
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two keys to understanding evolution |
time and death. time = change, death = adaptation
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characteristics of evolution |
1. evolutionary changes are universal,
2. mutations are powerful and can be benign, harmful, or beneficial,
3. populations evolve, not individuals
4. evolution is a grand tree of life (LUCA)
5. evolution is gradualistic
6. evolution is opportunistic, not goal-oriented
7. not everything is as it appears to be
8. some types of extinction are a normal part of evolution
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LUCA |
last universal common ancestor
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Gould-Eldridge Equilibrium |
came up with punctuated equilibrium. there are periods in time where there are no changes in species geologically or geographically
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speciation event |
jump, sudden changes in geologic record (millions of years old)
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background extinction |
continuously occurring, not all organisms who are "born" end up surviving
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mass extinction |
many species go extinct in a short period of time
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human-caused extinction |
destruction of habitat, pollution, over-fishing/hunting, invasive, etc.
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Anaximander |
early Greek, supposed that spontaneous generation was how life came about (abiogenesis) as well as transmutation (things change over time)
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Xenophanes |
Greek, first paleontologist, drew conclusions between fossils and living things. proposed that the earth had monsters at some point in time
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Aristotle |
higher forms = fixity of species (organisms were placed on the earth in their original forms and have not changed much since)
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Archbishop James Usher |
archbishop of Dublin, used the Bible literally to date the earth back to 4004 BC on October 23 at 9:00 AM
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Linnaeus |
Theist, believed that organisms were placed on the earth for a reason and that his destiny was to classify them
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Erasmus Darwin |
Charles Darwin's grandfather who was a renowned physician. was offered to be doctor to the king but turned it down. he was a humanitarian and helped his patients out. wrote Zoonomia which is a large poem about how life came about. he was a member of the Lunatics and sent money over to the colonies
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Smith and Hutton |
studied geology and said that the oldest fossils will be found further down in the earth
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Uniformitarianism |
the laws of nature do not change
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Lamarck |
French, a soldier who became a scientist. gave the first definition of a species and came up with the "Law of Use and Disuse" and the "Theory of Acquired Characteristics"
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Law of Use and Disuse and Theory of Acquired Characteristics |
neither are laws or theories today. point was that if you don't use it, you will lose it. also thought that traits could be willed and thought that giraffes could change their morphology
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Georges Cuvier |
the "dictator of biology" as well as the father of paleontology and comparative anatomy. he was very arrogant and attacked Lamarck and his ideas. came up with the "Theory of Catastrophes"
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Theory of Catastrophes |
said the earth has been through a series of events that have brought about extinction that have shaped the earth and its organisms
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William Paley |
British theologian, believed that answers are in the Bible for all questions. states that "a watch demands a watchmaker" (intelligent design)
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Carl von Baer |
studied embryos, noticed that among vertebrates all embryos look extremely similar at various stages
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von Baers Law |
in vertebrate embryologic development the most primitive traits show up first and are followed by more modern traits
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fossil record |
the remains/traces of an organism that lived in the past
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paleontology |
the remains/traces of an organism that lived in the past. has to be >10,000 years old to be considered a fossil
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fossils |
hard parts of organisms fossilize faster. soft-bodied organisms can fossilize but it is much more difficult. quick burial increases odds of fossilization, lack of oxygen decreases rate of decomposition
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fossilization |
ice, amber, bogs/sphagnum, tar/asphalt, coal, petrification, sedimentary fossils, gastrolith, coprolite, trace fossils, pseudo- fossils
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coal |
fossil of plants that lived in the past created through pressure and heat. most formed during the carboniferous time period
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petrification |
organic matter replaced by inorganic matter (SiO2)
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sedimentary fossils |
fossils in the sediment (mud, muck, mire, etc.) on bottoms of aquatic bodies of water. this can turn into a rock base, can be found in driveways
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gastrolith |
gizzard stone; muscular structure that animals use to eat small stones or sand. they are used to grind food in the absence of teeth
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coprolite |
fossilized feces. wet = not trying to conserve water. dry = throwable, trying to conserve water
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trace fossils |
footprints, burrows, etc. a sign of an organism
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pseudofossil |
fake fossils
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relative dating |
gives era/period something lived in
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absolute dating |
certain organisms are index fossils (only lived in a certain time period). gives a specific date. the most effective dating system is using radioactive material (carbon dating) invented by Libby
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carbon dating |
will give +- factor (ex. 300 may +- 10%). effective only up to 60,000 years and will not be effective around areas of radioactivity
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potassium-argon dating |
effective up to 1.3 bya
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uranium 238-235 dating, uranium-rubidium dating, etc. |
rubidium half-life is 49 bya. can also date using zircon
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Big Bang |
occurred between 13.75-13.8 bya. singularity event occurred in which matter and antimatter interacted and formed temporary atoms
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most abundant element in the universe |
hydrogen
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