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GBIO 151: FINAL EXAM
Know major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
prokaryotes are simple, lack membrane bound nucleus, bacteria and archea are prokaryotic. Eukaryotic has a nucleus, complex, plants and animals
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order of layers that surround a prokaryotic cell in order from outermost to innermost |
outer to inner, plasma membrane, cell wall, the capsule
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plant cells have this and animal cells do not |
cell wall, chloroplasts
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what is the cytoskeleton? |
network of protein fibers found in all eukaryotic cells
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where is dna in prokaryotic cells |
nucleoid
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what do ribosomes do? |
protein synthesis
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where dna is found in all eukaryotic cells |
nucleus
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a membrane bound organelle that comes from the Golgi apparatus and contains digestive enzymes |
Lysosomes
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microtubule array pattern for centrioles |
9+0, in pairs of three
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microtubule array pattern for cilia and flagella |
9+2 in pairs of two
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what is the relationship between centriole and centrosome? |
2 centrioles make a centrosome
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function of rough er? does it have ribosomes? |
has ribosomes and makes proteins
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function of smooth er? does it have ribosomes? |
no ribosomes and makes lipids and carbs
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where is chlorophyll found in chloroplasts? |
thylakoid membranes
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what does the Golgi apparatus do? |
packages, processes, modifies, and distributes molecules
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what does the endosymbiotic hypothesis explain? |
where mitochondria come from
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what is chromatin made of ? |
DNA plus protein and some rRNA
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what do tight junctions do? |
create a barrier
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what do anchoring junctions do? |
allow for stretching
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what do communicating junctions do? |
produces chemical or electrical signal that passes from one cell to another
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which type of transport requires energy and why? |
active because requires carrier proteins
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which type of transport does not require energy? |
passive
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function of receptor proteins? |
receive signals form outside of cell
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receive signals form outside of cell
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receive signals form outside of cell
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movement of molecules from high to low concentration |
diffusion
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diffusion of water from high to low concentration through selectively permeable membrane |
osmosis
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concentration outside the cell is greater, cell shrinks |
hypertonic
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concentration inside cell is greater, cell bursts |
concentration inside cell is greater, cell bursts |
glycolipids specificity? |
carb/lipid
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glycoprotein specificity? |
protein/carb
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which type of molecule is involved in blood type? |
DNA
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cell brings in particular matter |
phagocytosis
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cells bring in fluids and small particles |
pinocytosis
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specific molecules bind to receptors and are then taken into the cells |
receptor mediated endocytosis
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reaction where energy is released |
exergonic
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reaction where energy is absorbed |
endergonic
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when energy is released from a reaction and used to help another reaction |
coupled reaction
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how do enzymes speed up reactions? |
the enzymes lower the activation energy
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what is a denatured enzyme |
and enzyme that loses structure
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what can denature an enzyme? |
temperature and ph
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what does delta g mean |
change in free energy
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positive delta g , ender or exergonic? |
endergonic
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competes with the substrate for the active site |
competitive inhibitor
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binds to the enzyme other than the active site |
non competitive inhibtor
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where is glycolysis located? what does it result in? |
cytoplasm, 2 atp 2nadh
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where is pyruvate oxidation located? what does it result in? |
matrix, 2 nadh
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where is Krebs cycle located? what does it produce? |
matrix, 2 atp 6nadh, 2fadh2
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where does ets take place? what does it produce? |
cristae, 1 Nadh 1 Fadh2
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mechanism that makes atp directly in glycolysis and kreb's cycle? |
substrate level phohphloration
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when molecules lose elections |
oxidation
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when molecules gain electrons |
reduction
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in ETS how many ATP per Fadh2 |
1.5 ATP per Fadh2
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in ETS how many ATP per nadh when nadh is made in the mitochondria?, cytoplasm? |
2.5atp per Nadh, 1.5 for cytoplasm
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what is the final electron acceptor of the ETS? |
oxygen
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what is formed at the end of the ETS when oxygen is reduced? |
water
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when oxygen is not around and an organic molecule is the final electron acceptor, glycolysis becomes a part of what? How many net atp are made? |
fermentation, 2 atp
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what is more energy productive fats or glucose? |
fats
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shorter the wavelength, _________ the energy |
stronger
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longer the wavelength, ___________ the energy |
weaker
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where do light dependent reactions occur? |
thylakoids |
where do light independent reactions occur? |
stroma |
cyclic and non-cyclic are light- __________ reactions |
dependent
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cyclic reactions use what photosystem and what is made? non cyclic? |
cyclic- photosystem 1, makes atp
non cyclic- photosystem 1 and 2, makes atp and nadph
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what are the two things from Light depen. reactions that are required by light indep. reactions? |
atp and nadph
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__ G3P regenerate ___ RuBP in the calvin cycle |
5, 3
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what are the parts of the calvin cycle? |
1)carbon fixation, 2) reduction, 3) regeneration of rubp
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c4 plants fix carbon dioxide to what before involvement of the calvin cycle? |
Pep carboxylase
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where does the oxygen come from that is given off by plants? |
hydrolysis
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where are the photosynthetic pigments found in plants? |
chloroplasts
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nuclear envelop breaks down, chromatin condenses, spindle apparatus condenses |
prophase
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transition that occurs after disassembly of nuclear envelope |
prometaphase
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alignment of chromosomes along metaphase plate |
metaphase
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sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles
removal of cohesion proteins from all chromosomes |
Anaphase
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spindle apparatus disassembles, nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids, chromosomes begin to uncoil, nucleolus reappears in each new nucleus |
telophase
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what are the three parts of interphase? |
G1, s, G2
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what is cytokinesis? |
division of the cytoplasm into two separate daughter cells?
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when does cytokinesis occur? |
right after mitosis
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when dna is copied the copies are called? |
replications
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the point of construction that links sister chromatids? |
centromere
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a cylindrical cell structure composed mainly of a protein called tubulin that found in most eukaryotic cells |
centriole
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an organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center, of the animal cell as well as regulator of the cell cycle progression. |
centrosome
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binding of a cell to another cell |
cohesion
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normal genes that slow down cell division, repair Dna mistakes, tell cells when to die |
Tumor suppressor genes
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in meiosis when are homologous chromosomes lined up? separated? |
metaphase 1, anaphase 1
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when does crossing over begin to occur? |
Prophase 1
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regions where non sister chromatids are temporarily attracted due to crossing over |
chiasmata
|
how many cells of what type are made in meiosis? |
4 haploid
|
a pair of homologous chromosomes |
tetrad
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how many cells of what type should be made by the end of meiosis one? |
2 daughter cells
|
true or false, it doesn't matter which side homologous chromosomes are on, along as they are on opposite sides |
true
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when do sister chromatids finally separate from each other in meiosis? |
anaphase
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what are the two mechanisms in meiosis that result in genetic variation? |
crossing over, and random orientation of chromosomes during metaphase
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organisms that reproduce asexually rely mainly on _______ for variation in their offspring |
mutation
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what is the result of meiosis in human males?, females? |
4n spermatid,...... 1 ootid, 3 polar bodies
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alternate version of a gene |
allele
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carrier of trait example Aa |
heterozygous
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carrier of trait example AA |
homozygous
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physical trait that is shown |
phenotype
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alleles present |
genotype
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red green color blindness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy, fragile x |
x linked diseases
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disease that involves incomplete dominance |
sickle cell anemia
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what do sickle cells release |
oxygen
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dominant, mutation on chromosome 17 |
neurofibramatosis
|
dominant, mutation on chromosome 4, 15 |
hunningtons disease
|
recessive, mutation on chromosome 7 |
cystic fibrosis
|
recessive, jewish children |
tay sachs
|
recessive, mutation on chromosome 12 |
phenylkentonuria
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what Is a carrier is? |
heterozygous Aa
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triple x, jacobes syndrome, turner syndrome |
sex chromosome disorders
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non disjunction in oocytes _______ with age |
increases
|
trisomy on chromosome 21 and 22 |
down syndrome
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