GBIO 151: FINAL EXAM
111 Cards in this Set
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Know major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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prokaryotes are simple, lack membrane bound nucleus, bacteria and archea are prokaryotic. Eukaryotic has a nucleus, complex, plants and animals
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order of layers that surround a prokaryotic cell in order from outermost to innermost
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outer to inner, plasma membrane, cell wall, the capsule
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plant cells have this and animal cells do not
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cell wall, chloroplasts
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what is the cytoskeleton?
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network of protein fibers found in all eukaryotic cells
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where is dna in prokaryotic cells
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nucleoid
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what do ribosomes do?
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protein synthesis
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where dna is found in all eukaryotic cells
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nucleus
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a membrane bound organelle that comes from the Golgi apparatus and contains digestive enzymes
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Lysosomes
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microtubule array pattern for centrioles
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9+0, in pairs of three
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microtubule array pattern for cilia and flagella
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9+2 in pairs of two
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what is the relationship between centriole and centrosome?
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2 centrioles make a centrosome
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function of rough er? does it have ribosomes?
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has ribosomes and makes proteins
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function of smooth er? does it have ribosomes?
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no ribosomes and makes lipids and carbs
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where is chlorophyll found in chloroplasts?
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thylakoid membranes
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what does the Golgi apparatus do?
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packages, processes, modifies, and distributes molecules
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what does the endosymbiotic hypothesis explain?
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where mitochondria come from
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what is chromatin made of ?
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DNA plus protein and some rRNA
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what do tight junctions do?
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create a barrier
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what do anchoring junctions do?
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allow for stretching
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what do communicating junctions do?
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produces chemical or electrical signal that passes from one cell to another
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which type of transport requires energy and why?
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active because requires carrier proteins
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which type of transport does not require energy?
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passive
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function of receptor proteins?
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receive signals form outside of cell
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receive signals form outside of cell
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receive signals form outside of cell
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movement of molecules from high to low concentration
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diffusion
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diffusion of water from high to low concentration through selectively permeable membrane
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osmosis
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concentration outside the cell is greater, cell shrinks
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hypertonic
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concentration inside cell is greater, cell bursts
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concentration inside cell is greater, cell bursts
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glycolipids specificity?
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carb/lipid
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glycoprotein specificity?
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protein/carb
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which type of molecule is involved in blood type?
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DNA
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cell brings in particular matter
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phagocytosis
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cells bring in fluids and small particles
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pinocytosis
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specific molecules bind to receptors and are then taken into the cells
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receptor mediated endocytosis
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reaction where energy is released
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exergonic
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reaction where energy is absorbed
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endergonic
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when energy is released from a reaction and used to help another reaction
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coupled reaction
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how do enzymes speed up reactions?
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the enzymes lower the activation energy
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what is a denatured enzyme
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and enzyme that loses structure
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what can denature an enzyme?
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temperature and ph
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what does delta g mean
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change in free energy
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positive delta g , ender or exergonic?
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endergonic
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competes with the substrate for the active site
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competitive inhibitor
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binds to the enzyme other than the active site
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non competitive inhibtor
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where is glycolysis located? what does it result in?
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cytoplasm, 2 atp 2nadh
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where is pyruvate oxidation located? what does it result in?
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matrix, 2 nadh
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where is Krebs cycle located? what does it produce?
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matrix, 2 atp 6nadh, 2fadh2
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where does ets take place? what does it produce?
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cristae, 1 Nadh 1 Fadh2
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mechanism that makes atp directly in glycolysis and kreb's cycle?
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substrate level phohphloration
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when molecules lose elections
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oxidation
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when molecules gain electrons
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reduction
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in ETS how many ATP per Fadh2
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1.5 ATP per Fadh2
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in ETS how many ATP per nadh when nadh is made in the mitochondria?, cytoplasm?
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2.5atp per Nadh, 1.5 for cytoplasm
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what is the final electron acceptor of the ETS?
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oxygen
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what is formed at the end of the ETS when oxygen is reduced?
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water
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when oxygen is not around and an organic molecule is the final electron acceptor, glycolysis becomes a part of what? How many net atp are made?
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fermentation, 2 atp
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what is more energy productive fats or glucose?
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fats
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shorter the wavelength, _________ the energy
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stronger
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longer the wavelength, ___________ the energy
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weaker
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where do light dependent reactions occur?
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thylakoids
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where do light independent reactions occur?
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stroma
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cyclic and non-cyclic are light- __________ reactions
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dependent
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cyclic reactions use what photosystem and what is made? non cyclic?
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cyclic- photosystem 1, makes atp
non cyclic- photosystem 1 and 2, makes atp and nadph
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what are the two things from Light depen. reactions that are required by light indep. reactions?
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atp and nadph
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__ G3P regenerate ___ RuBP in the calvin cycle
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5, 3
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what are the parts of the calvin cycle?
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1)carbon fixation, 2) reduction, 3) regeneration of rubp
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c4 plants fix carbon dioxide to what before involvement of the calvin cycle?
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Pep carboxylase
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where does the oxygen come from that is given off by plants?
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hydrolysis
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where are the photosynthetic pigments found in plants?
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chloroplasts
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nuclear envelop breaks down, chromatin condenses, spindle apparatus condenses
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prophase
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transition that occurs after disassembly of nuclear envelope
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prometaphase
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alignment of chromosomes along metaphase plate
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metaphase
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sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles
removal of cohesion proteins from all chromosomes
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Anaphase
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spindle apparatus disassembles, nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids, chromosomes begin to uncoil, nucleolus reappears in each new nucleus
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telophase
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what are the three parts of interphase?
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G1, s, G2
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what is cytokinesis?
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division of the cytoplasm into two separate daughter cells?
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when does cytokinesis occur?
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right after mitosis
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when dna is copied the copies are called?
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replications
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the point of construction that links sister chromatids?
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centromere
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a cylindrical cell structure composed mainly of a protein called tubulin that found in most eukaryotic cells
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centriole
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an organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center, of the animal cell as well as regulator of the cell cycle progression.
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centrosome
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binding of a cell to another cell
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cohesion
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normal genes that slow down cell division, repair Dna mistakes, tell cells when to die
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Tumor suppressor genes
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in meiosis when are homologous chromosomes lined up? separated?
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metaphase 1, anaphase 1
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when does crossing over begin to occur?
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Prophase 1
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regions where non sister chromatids are temporarily attracted due to crossing over
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chiasmata
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how many cells of what type are made in meiosis?
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4 haploid
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a pair of homologous chromosomes
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tetrad
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how many cells of what type should be made by the end of meiosis one?
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2 daughter cells
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true or false, it doesn't matter which side homologous chromosomes are on, along as they are on opposite sides
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true
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when do sister chromatids finally separate from each other in meiosis?
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anaphase
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what are the two mechanisms in meiosis that result in genetic variation?
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crossing over, and random orientation of chromosomes during metaphase
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organisms that reproduce asexually rely mainly on _______ for variation in their offspring
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mutation
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what is the result of meiosis in human males?, females?
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4n spermatid,...... 1 ootid, 3 polar bodies
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alternate version of a gene
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allele
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carrier of trait example Aa
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heterozygous
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carrier of trait example AA
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homozygous
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physical trait that is shown
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phenotype
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alleles present
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genotype
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red green color blindness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy, fragile x
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x linked diseases
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disease that involves incomplete dominance
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sickle cell anemia
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what do sickle cells release
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oxygen
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dominant, mutation on chromosome 17
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neurofibramatosis
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dominant, mutation on chromosome 4, 15
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hunningtons disease
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recessive, mutation on chromosome 7
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cystic fibrosis
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recessive, jewish children
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tay sachs
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recessive, mutation on chromosome 12
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phenylkentonuria
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what Is a carrier is?
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heterozygous Aa
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triple x, jacobes syndrome, turner syndrome
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sex chromosome disorders
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non disjunction in oocytes _______ with age
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increases
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trisomy on chromosome 21 and 22
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down syndrome
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GBIO 151: GBIO final