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GBIO 106: FINAL EXAM
Dependent Variable (Response measured bald cypress survival) |
Variable you don't change
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Processes of life |
Movement, Ingestion, digestion, Respiration, excretion, and secretion
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Population |
The whole number of inhabitants occupying an area and continually being modified by increases and decreases
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Cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension, high heat of fusion, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, universal solvent |
Properties of water?
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Matter (Atom, Chair, Person) |
Anything that has weight/mass & takes up space
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Carbohydrates (polysaccharides), protein, DNA & RNA (nucleic acids) |
Major classes of organic molecules and examples
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Monomers (glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose) |
Small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers (examples)
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Polymers (glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin) |
Large compound formed from combinations of many monomers (examples)
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Liver stores Extra glucose as glycogen |
What are a couple of places where these reactions occur?
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DNA makes RNA and RNA makes protein |
Tie the primary structure in with DNA & central dogma theory.
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(Nucleus: DNA > RNA > Protein) > rough ER > vesicle > golgi > vesicle > plasma membrane |
How does a cell secrete protein
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DNA contains genetic material and doesn't leave nucleus, RNA leaves nucleus and is blueprint for proteins |
Major functions of DNA & RNA?
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What is ATP? What does it take to make ATP? |
ATP is adenosine triphosphate, or potential energy
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-Active transport: ATP is used, low to high concentration gradient, ion pumps
-Passive transport: ATP is not used, concentration gradient is high to low, simple diffusion, osmosis, & facilitated diffusion |
Active transport vs passive transport
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DNA, RNA, protein, chromatin. |
What is in a nucleus?
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Osmosis |
Movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through selectively permeable membrane
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Concentration gradient and Brownian motion |
What is required for diffusion to occur
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A cell needs to have more surface area than volume in order to obtain nutrients & eliminate waste efficiently with the environment |
How is surface area to volume ratio important in a cell?
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Sun > producers > 1st consumers > 2nd > 3rd > 4th > decomposers (then producers and repeat) |
Understand how to read an energy flow diagram
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10% passed through food chain listed above 90% lost as heat |
How do the laws of thermodynamics explain a food chain?
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Producers |
make their own food (algae, plants)
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Without enzymes most biochemical reactions won't take place fast enough to sustain life. |
In reality, how do enzymes help organisms
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-Temperature: an extreme temperature may denature the enzyme & cause the reaction to drop.
-pH: an extreme change in pH may denature the enzyme
-Substrate concentration: as sub con increases rxn rate increases until enzyme become saturated.
-Enzyme concentration: as enzyme con increases rxn rate increases is there is an excess substrate |
Factors that affect enzyme activity
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Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required. |
How do enzymes work?
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Cellular respiration/glucose catabolism |
How is (C6H12O6 + 6O2 ->6CO2 + 6H2O + energy) related to respiration an exhaling?
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Fat and proteins |
What could you use for energy other than glucose?
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Different stages in cellular respiration |
Understand how Glycolysis, kreb's cycle, and the ETC work together.
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Photosynthesis & cellular respiration |
What are two ways cells trap energy?
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Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid to replenish NADP and if enough accumulates in the muscle you will get sore |
If fermentation occurs, how does it affect your cells, tissue, and body?
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Anaerobic respiration vs. aerobic respiration |
-Anaerobic: respiration without oxygen; the process uses a respiratory ETC but does not use oxygen as the electron receptors. Occurs in bacteria, yeasts, some prokaryotes, red blood cells, and muscle cells. Products: lactic acid fermentation- lactic Acid, ATP alcoholic fermentation-ethyl alcohol, ATP, carbon dioxide. Site is in cytoplasm ***
-Aerobic: uses oxygen. Site is in cytoplasm & mitochondria. Occurs in most cells. Stages: glycolysis, kreb's cycle ETC. products: Carbon dioxide, water, ATP.
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Growth, maintenance, reproduction.
Examples: thinking, making compounds needed by cell, muscle cell contraction |
What are three major things that organisms use for energy? In addition, give at least 3 specific examples
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Blue/violet and red. Because they are the most opposite of green |
Which colors (wavelengths of light) would yield the highest photosynthetic rate in green plants? Why?
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Chlorophyll |
What is responsible for trapping light energy in cells?
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To conduct photosynthesis. It enters the plant through the stomata |
What do plants use CO2 for? How does it enter the plant?
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Photolysis & turgor pressure.
Electron acceptor |
What are two big reasons a plant need waters? Another use?
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Conversion of CO2 into organic compounds. In other words the energy of ATP and NADPH is used to form organic molecules from CO2 |
What is carbon fixation and when / where does it occur?
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C3 examples |
Trees, soybeans, potatoes
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C4 examples |
Corn, sugarcane, crabgrass
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Cam plant examples |
Cactus & pineapples
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-plants store energy in the form of sugar
-sugar can be transported to other parts of the plants that don't photosynthesize (roots)
-cellular respiration to make ATP |
Why is plants sugar so important to us
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-plants use sugar to make other organic molecules (proteins, lipids) by linking carbon atoms together |
What do plants use the sugar for that they have made?
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Yes. Plants are able to utilize the energy they obtain from the sun, which allows for healthy growth and development. |
Do plants aerobically respire like us?
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Replicate DNA & divide (nucleus & cytoplasm) |
What are two main things a cell must do before making an exact copy of itself?
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Because of mitosis your cells are duplicated from your first cell (a fertilized egg) |
How can the hierarchy of life be explain through cell division? (From zygote to organism)
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Yes because our cells were duplicated from our first cell (a fertilized egg) |
Do all of the cells in your body contain the same DNA? Why?
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Mitosis: occurs in majority of body cells (somatic cells). It is when a parent cell divides to produce an identical daughter cell. Responsible for growth and maintenance.
Meiosis: a two-staged cell division that occurs in reproductive organs that produces haploid daughter cells (sex cells) that contain one copy of each chromosome
(used primarily after too much netflix & chill) |
Mitosis Vs. meiosis
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Random fertilization creates genetic variation by randomly combining a sperm and an egg.
Metaphase I creates genetic variation by the random positioning of each homologous pair of chromosomes determining which chromosome goes into each new sex cell.
Crossing over creates genetic variation in sexual life cycles by combining DNA inherited from two parents into a single chromosome during Prophase I of Meiosis I |
Cross over, Metaphase I, and random fertilization are sources of genetic variation. Why?
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Alleles |
Different forms of a gene
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Homozygous |
Having the same dominant allele for a gene on both homologous chromosomes
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Heterozygous |
Having different alleles
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Locus |
A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located.
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Pairs of chromosomes that contain genes for the same traits
-cells that contain two pits of each chromosome are described as being diploid (2n)
-sex cells only have 1 of each chromosome (no pairs) & are described as being haploid (n) |
What are homologous chromosomes? How are they related to gene pairs
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Genotypes |
The particular alleles that are present for a trait
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Phenotypes |
Physical expressions of genetic trait Ratio
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Mendels 1st law
The law of segregation
For every trait there are 2 alleles and these separate and recombine randomly through inheritance
Mendels 2nd law of independent assortment
The alleles of a gene for one trait will separate independently from the alleles of a gene for another trait
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Understand significant events in meiosis and how they relate to mender's laws
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Genotype and phenotype |
Understand the logic behind the crosses (what do they tell us?)
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A specific sequence of DNA on the chromosome |
What is a gene & where can they be found?
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-a protein with DNA wrapped around it
-keep DNA orderly
-mitosis, interphase |
What are chromosomes? What are their function? How and when are they replicated?
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Nondisjunction causes abnormalities and results in Down's syndrome, meta females, super males, trisomy males |
What causes chromosome abnormalities? What are some examples?
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DNA replication. When does it occur in cells? What is the outcome? |
interphase, more dna
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Incomplete Dominance |
A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles, inherited from the parents, are nether dominant not recessive. The resulting offspring has a phenotype that is a BLENDING of the parental traits
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Co-Dominance |
Situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism. SHARED DOMINANCE
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Polygenic inheritance |
Combined effect of two or more genes on a single character. MULTIPLE ALLELES
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Epistasis |
A type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited.
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X-linked recessive traits |
Red-green color blindness & hemophilia A
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Pleiotropy |
A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotypes
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Pedigrees |
A chart that shows a trait in a family and how it is inherited
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Independent variable (Nutria's effect on a cypress) |
A variable you change
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Control |
Baseline for comparison
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Null hypothesis |
the independent variable does not effect the dependent variable
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Alternate hypothesis |
nutria have negative impact on cypress survival
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Ingestion |
the consumption of a substance by an organism
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Digestion |
the process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body
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Respiration |
a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place with in the cells of organisms. It stores biochemical energy within adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules
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Aerobic |
Cellular energy involving oxygen
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Anaerobic |
cellular energy without oxygen
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Secretion |
a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion
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Excretion |
the process of eliminating or expelling waste matter
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Species |
lowest taxonomic tank & most basic unit
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Hydrolysis reactions |
How macromolecules broken down; To split water
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Dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) |
How are macromolecules made; a chemical reaction that builds up molecules by losing water molecules and covalently bonding them
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Primary structure |
The unique sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
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Energy storage |
What is ATP used for?
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It takes one phosphates to turn ADP into ATP. |
What does it take to make ATP
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Powerhouse of the cell |
Function of Mitochondria?
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Simple diffusion |
Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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Facilitated diffusion |
Moves through membrane with a protein
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Temperature and pH |
What are some factors that affect osmosis and diffusion
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Consumers |
organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food
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Decomposers |
fungi and bacteria that break complex organic material into smaller molecules (bacteria, fungi)
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1st- copy its DNA
2nd- Replicate its organelles and divide its cytoplasm |
How does a cell make an exact copy of itself?
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Eukaryotic chromosomes (only visible during cell division) |
made of one long molecule of DNA wound around proteins
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23 |
How many pairs of chromosomes in the body cells of humans?
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Homologous chromsomes |
pairs of chromosomes that contain genes for same traits
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Diploid |
cells that contain pairs or 2 of each chromosome
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Haploid (sex cells) |
only have 1 of each chromosome
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Mitosis |
occurs in body cells (somatic) and responsible for growth and maintenance
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Interphase (90%) and mitosis |
2 parts of the cell cycle?
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G1, synthesis, G2 |
Interphase:
period of cell growth
DNA is replicated
cell prepares for mitosis
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sister chromatids |
duplicated chromosomes that consist of 1 parental strand and 1 complementary daughter strand
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Mitosis and Cytokinesis |
Cell division:
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Mitosis |
nuclear division in which chromosome numbers is maintained from one generation to the next
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
4 phases of Mitosis
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Cytokinesis |
the division of the cell's cytoplasm
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Prophase |
spindle fibers are formed, membrane dissolves freeing duplicated chromosomes, and the spindle fibers attach to the centromere
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Metaphase |
The sis chromatids line up in the middle of the cell along the plate
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Anaphase |
Chromosomes migrate towards opposite poles of the cell
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Telophase |
Spindle apparatus begin to break, membrane reforms, chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin form
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as telophase is occurring and generally after telophase |
When does cytokinesis occur and end?
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Meiosis |
2 staged cell division that occurs in reproductive organs that produces haploid cells
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Synapsis |
the pairing of homologous chromosomes
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Metaphase I |
creates genetic variation by the random positioning of each homologous pair of chromosomes determining which chromosome goes into each new sex cell
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Random fertilization |
creates genetic variation by randomly combining a sperm and an egg
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Non-disjunction |
the failure of 1 or more pairs of chromosomes to separate during cell division
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Genetics |
the study of the patterns of inheritance
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Heredity |
The study of the passage of traits fro parents to offspring
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Genes |
specific sequences of DNA located on chromosomes
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Mendel's 1st law |
For every trait there are 2 alleles and these separate and recombine randomly through inheritance (law of segregation)
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Genotype |
the particular alleles that are present for a trait
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Phenotype |
physical expression of a trait
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Mendel's 2nd law |
Law of independent assortment; the alleles of a gene for one trait will separate independently from the alleles of a gene for another trait
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Gene linkage |
the tendency for genes to be located on the same chromosome and therefore to be inherited together
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Epistasis |
2 alleles of a gene will mask the expression of the alleles of another gene
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