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GBIO 106: EXAM 1
organic |
contains carbon
|
backbone |
Carbon is the ______ of life.
|
H & C |
Hydrocarbons contain ___ & ___.
|
Nothing can hook up like it can. |
Why is carbon so important?
|
functional group |
groups of atoms that help determine the characteristics and chemical reactivity of organic molecules.
|
OH |
hydroxyl group; polar
|
COOH |
carboxyl group
|
It is an alcohol or carbohydrate. |
What does having OH in a molecule mean?
|
It is an organic acid. |
What does having COOH in a molecule mean?
|
CH3 |
methyl group
|
It is hydrophobic. |
What quality does a molecule with a methyl group have?
|
Yes |
Does a polar molecule mix with water?
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No |
Does a non-polar molecule mix with water?
|
Carbohydrates |
________ are organic molecules that may provide energy and structural support.
|
glucose |
the most common monosaccharide in living organisms
|
No; only plants |
Can we make glucose? If not, who can?
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fruit |
Where does fructose sugar come from?
|
It has a different shape. |
Why do we perceive fructose as being sweeter than glucose?
|
isomers |
molecules that have the same types and numbers of atoms, but different structures
|
it has a hydroxyl group |
How do you know that glucose is a carbohydrate?
|
RNA |
Ribose is found in _____.
|
DNA |
Deoxyribose is found in _____.
|
two monosaccharides covalently bonded together |
A disaccharide is ______________________.
|
Sucrose (table sugar) |
glucose + fructose
|
Maltose (potatoes) |
glucose + glucose
|
Lactose (milk) |
glucose + galactose
|
Polysaccharides |
________ are huge chains of monosaccharides.
|
glycogen |
Animals store this as energy in muscles.
|
extremely small |
Inorganic molecules are ____________ compared to organic molecules.
|
Cellulose |
__________ is a structural polysaccharide and is the major component of plant cell walls.
|
Cellulose |
__________ is the most abundant organic molecule on Earth.
|
Symbiosis |
a mutual relationship between two organisms
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chitin |
What is a structural polysaccharide used to form the exoskeleton of arthropods?
|
cellulose |
Chitin cannot be dissolved, just like ________.
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hydrogen |
Water has _______ bonds to hold it together.
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60% - 90% |
Living organisms are composed of _________ water.
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cohesion |
when water sticks together
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adhesion (polar bonds make is stick) |
when water sticks to other things
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high |
Water has a ____ specific heat, which means it is slow to bring in heat.
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high |
Water has a ___ heat of vaporization, which means it takes a lot to convert it to a gas.
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reluctant |
Water is _____ to change temperature.
|
Ice floats because water molecules get space between them when they freeze. |
Why does ice float?
|
hydrophobic |
This kind of molecule cannot be dissolved in water.
|
hydrophillic |
This kind of molecule can be dissolved in water.
|
solvent |
Water is the universal ______.
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True |
T of F: All polar molecules will stick to other polar molecules.
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water |
Lipids are _____-fearing.
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sucrose, lactose, maltose |
Examples of disaccharides include:
|
starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen |
Examples of polysaccharides include:
|
glucose, fructose, galactose |
Examples of monosaccharides include:
|
Hydroxide ion (OH-) and hydrogen ion (H+) |
Ionization of water is when water breaks apart into a ________ and a ________.
|
C O O H |
The more ____ ions, the more acidic.
|
hydrogen ions |
Acids release ________when they dissociate.
|
accept |
Bases _______ hydrogen ions.
|
hydrogen ions |
The pH scale measures the concentration of _________ of a substance.
|
Buffers |
______ are chemicals that minimize the fluctuation of pH by either accepting hydrogen ions or by releasing them.
|
Atoms |
_____ are the basic units of matter.
|
positively |
Protons are _____ charged.
|
negatively |
Electrons are ______ charged.
|
neutral |
Neutrons are _______.
|
electron |
Which is the smallest subatomic particle?
|
number of protons within an atom |
The atomic number is the ___________________.
|
electrons |
In a neutral atom, the atomic number will also tell you the number of _______.
|
protons + neutrons |
The atomic mass of an atom is the _____________.
|
atoms of the same element that have the same atomic number but different atomic mass |
What is an isotope?
|
extra neutrons |
What makes an atom radioactive?
|
2 |
How many electrons do the first valence shell hold?
|
normally 8 |
How many electrons do subsequent valence shells hold?
|
Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen |
What are the 3 types of bonds?
|
transferred from atom to atom |
Ionic bonds are when electrons are _____________________.
|
it gains an electron |
An ion is negative when _______________________.
|
it loses an electron |
An ion is positive when _______________________.
|
loses |
An ion is oxidized when it _____ an electron.
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gains |
An ion is reduced when it _____ an electron.
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shared |
Covalent bonds are when electrons are _______.
|
non-polar covalent bond |
the equal sharing of electrons
|
polar covalent bond |
the unequal sharing of electrons
|
hydrogen; negatively charged atom of another molecule |
Hydrogen bonds are weak electrical attractions between __ and a _________________.
|
water and DNA |
What are some examples of a hydrogen bond?
|
1. Cells 2. DNA 3. metabolism 4. homeostasis 5. growth 6. potential to reproduce 7. evolve |
How do we know if something is alive?
|
movement, ingestion, digestion, respiration, excretion, secretion |
What are the processes of life?
|
cells>tissues>organs>systems>organisms>populations>ecosystem>biosphere |
What is the hierarchy of life?
|
bacteria |
Microbiology is the study of ________.
|
plants |
Botany is the study of ________.
|
insects |
Entomology is the study of ________.
|
birds
|
Ornithology is the study of ________.
|
fish |
Ichthyology is the study of ________.
|
reptiles/amphibians |
Herpetology is the study of ________.
|
ecology |
How everything reacts together is the study of ________.
|
Science |
_________ is the study of natural phenomena based upon observation and experimentation.
|
independent |
This variable is what you change or manipulate.
|
dependent |
This variable is what you're testing
|
null |
Alternative or Null hypothesis? The independent variable does not affect the dependent variable.
|
alternative |
Alternative or Null hypothesis? The independent variable does affect the dependent variable.
|
control |
What your experimental results are compared to
|
independent |
When labeling a graph, your _________ variable goes on the bottom.
|
dependent |
When labeling a graph, your _________ variable goes on the side.
|
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur |
The most common elements in biology are:
|
18.5 |
Carbon is ____% of the human body.
|
9.5 |
Hydrogen is ____% of the human body.
|
65 |
Oxygen is ____% of the human body.
|
3.3 |
Nitrogen is ____% of the human body.
|
<1 |
Phosphorus is ____% of the human body.
|
<1 |
Sulfur is ____% of the human body.
|
5-carbon sugar (house), phosphate group (pool), nitrogen base (dog house) |
What 3 different parts does a nucleotide contain?
|
monomers |
Nucleotides are _________ to nucleic acids.
|
the nitrogen base |
What is the functional group for a nucleotide?
|
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine |
What 4 nitrogenous bases does DNA have?
|
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil |
What 4 nitrogenous bases does RNA have?
|
polymers |
Nucleic acids are __________ to nucleotides.
|
macromolecule |
A nucleic acid is a __________.
|
hydrogen |
What kind of bonds hold together DNA?
|
polymer |
Is DNA a polymer or a monomer?
|
DNA and RNA |
What are the 2 nucleic acids?
|
no |
Are lipids macromolecules?
|
hydrophobic |
Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophillic?
|
it contains as many hydrogens as it can |
A fatty acid is saturated when _________________.
|
there is a double bond |
A fatty acid is unsaturated when _________________.
|
unstable |
A fatty acid is stable or unstable when it is unsaturated?
|
they lay flat because they are not kinked |
Why are saturated fatty acids solids at room temperature?
|
one double |
Mono-unsaturated means there is/are ______ bonds.
|
numerous double bonds |
Poly-unsaturated means there is/are ______ bonds.
|