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SOC 001: EXAM 1
Sociology
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systematic study of social behavior and human groups
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social behavior
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divorce, parenting, marriage, crime, aging, etc. are all examples of what?
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human group
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gender, social class, etc. are all examples of what?
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systematic
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there are rules about how to make observations
better and worse ways to collect data
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empirical
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made systematic observations
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Functionalism (structural functionalism)
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how society works and how each part interrelates
4 assumptions
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social stability
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societies are predominantly stable over time
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social consensus
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most in a society agree on what is important
ex. education, money, house
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Conflict Theory
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antithesis of Functionalism
society experiences inconsistency and conflict ALWAYS
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Interactionism (symbolic interactionism)
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we act according to our own interpretation of reality
subjective interpretations are based on meanings we learn
constantly interpret our behavior as well as behavior of others
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Exchange Theory
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people seek to keep the costs lower than rewards
likelihood of action is influenced by probability of reward
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Macro Theories
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focus on things on societal level
ex. functionalism, conflict theory
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Micro Theories
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focus on things at the individual interaction level
ex. interactionism, exchange theory
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August Comte
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named the discipline of sociology
was a positivist --> stressed collection of evidence
concerned w/ using research to better society
generally considered to be functionalist
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Emile Durkheim
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one of the first to stress the sociological perspective and gathering data
Mechanical vs. Organic Solidarity
Suicide
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Mechanical Solidarity
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do things because you know someone
emotional
small towns
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Organic Solidarity
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do things because we need their skill
ex. being nice to your mechanic
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Altruistic
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kill yourself for the betterment of society
ex. Military
high society expectations
person does feel like part of society
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Anomic
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want your society to have rules; state of "normlessness"
ex. family structure - teen suicide
low society expectations
person does feel like part of society
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Fatalistic
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no control or belonging
ex. prisoner
high society expectations
person does not feel like part of society
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Egoistic
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no rules; you don't care
ex. teenage suicide
low society expectations
person does not feel like a part of society
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Karl Marx
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economic determinist
conflict b/w bourgeoisie and proletariat
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bourgeoisie
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owners |
proletariat
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workers
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Max Weber
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wrote about bureaucracies and types of authority
"Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism"
symbolic interactionist
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Erving Goffman
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studied the process of face-to-face communication in social interaction
prolific writer
"The Presenting of Self in Everyday Life"
Dramaturgical approach
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C. Wright Mills
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the sociological imagination
the ability to see the impact of social forces on individuals
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W.E.B. DuBois
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shared in the founding of the NAACP
studied black society in America
began his research w/ the idea that social science could provide answers to race problems
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Ethics
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conforming to acceptable professional practices
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hypothesis |
tentative statement about what you expect to find
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conceptualization
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specify meanings of the variables to be studied
what do you mean by the variable?
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operationalization |
how will the variables actually be studied
items on a questionnaire
how happy are you? (very, pretty, not so, not at all)
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reliability
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if you ask the same question twice will you get the same results
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validity
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are you really measuring what you think you are?
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population
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all people who meet idea could be studied
(all folks in the US over age 18)
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sample |
subset we will study
(all folks in the US over age 18 w/ phone who consent to the interview)
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Survey Research
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most commonly used research method
method of collecting data about a human population in which direct contact is made with the people/group being studied
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Field Research
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researcher observes people under their usual environmental conditions
person may or may not be aware they are being studied
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Unobtrusive Measures
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any method of data collection that directly removes the researchers from the set of interactions, events, or behaviors being investigated
types: physical traces, simple observation, archival records, private records
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Content Analysis
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systematically and objectively identifying specific characteristics of messages
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Cultural Universals
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things that are the same among cultures
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norms
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rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior
three types: folkways, mores, laws
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folkways
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things that people normally do
ex. eating pasta with a fork instead of hands
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mores
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feel strongly about & violation brings about strong social disapproval
ex. talking on cellphone during class
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laws
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norms that are formally defined and enforced by designated persons
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sanctions
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reward or punishment used to encourage socially acceptable behavior.
two types: formal, informal
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ethnocentrism
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believe your culture group is the best
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cultural relativism
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behaviors based on what is relative to their culture
ex. eskimos don't have access to cook seal, so they eat it raw
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culture shock
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trouble adjusting to new environment
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Sapir-Whorf explanation
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language you speak is your guide to reality
language affects our knowledge of the world around us
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Subculture
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a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of norms and values which differ from the pattern of the larger society
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counter culture
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a way of life that is predominantly different and opposed to the way of mainstream society
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demography
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scientific study of population
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total fertility rate
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how many kids the average woman has
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replacement level fertility
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the number at which the population remains stable
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fecundity
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a woman's biological potential for reproduction
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birth rate
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number of children born for every 1000 people
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death rate
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number of deaths per 1000 people
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life expectancy
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potential number of years a person can be expected to live based on year of birth
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Japan (83)
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country with highest life expectancy
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78
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United States life expectancy
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2.06
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United States fertility rate
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Mali, Uganda
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countries with highest fertility rate
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Germany, Hungary
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countries with lowest fertility rate
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209.6 million
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United State population number
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6.9 billion
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world population number
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infant mortality
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the thing that has the biggest effect on life expectancy
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longevity
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ability to resist death from year to year
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lifespan |
oldest age to which members of a species can survive
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114
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age of oldest living person in the U.S
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True
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True or False?
Nearly 50% of adults with HIV are women
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Swaziland, Botswana, S. Africa
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countries with highest number of HIV/AIDS
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migration
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immigration per year pattern (legal)
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pill
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most popular form of birth control in the US
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female sterilization
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most popular form of birth control in the world
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pronatalism
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what countries do to encourage people to have children
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