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PSY 0505: EXAM 3
What is insulin?
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pancreatic hormone that aids in conversion of GLUCOSE to GLYCOGEN and FAT
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What is glucagon?
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stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose
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What is the cephalic phase?
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Metabolic phase triggered by the smell, sight, or thought of food
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What is the ventromedial hypothalamus?
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Lesions in this brain area result in HYPERPHAGIA (overeating) and obesity in rats, and was once thought to regulate satiety
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What is neuropeptide Y?
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Synthesized in the hypothalamus and seems to stimulate hunger and eating behavior
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What is glycogen?
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stored form of energy in the liver
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What is adipsia?
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the complete cessation of drinking behavior
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What is the fasting phase?
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metabolic phase during which insulin levels are low and glucagons levels are high. In this phase, low levels of insulin also promote the conversion of glycogen and protein to glucose.
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What is arcuate nucleus?
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neurons originating in this brain area may be involved in the regulation of hunger and eating behavior
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what is the glucostatic theory?
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theory that states that hunger occurs when blood glucose levels fall below the set point
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What is CCK?
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Leads to consumption of smaller meals by slowing the emptying of the stomach
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What is ghrelin?
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Released by the stomach during fasting and stimulates hunger
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What is sensory-specific satiety?
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It is the decreased positive-incentive value of tastes and food after eating. Subsequent bites of a particular food become less and less tasty.
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What is gluconeogenesis?
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Conversion of protein to glucose
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What is the appetizer effect?
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Small amounts of food consumed first may trigger more food to be eaten during subsequent meals
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Why is fat the primary source of energy over glycogen?
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A gram of fat can store almost twice as much energy as a gram of glycogen and glycogen attracts and holds substantial amounts of water
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Most of the absorption of nutrients into the body takes place through the wall of the ______, or upper intestine.
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duodenum |
During the absorptive phase, the pancreas releases a great deal of _____ into the bloodstream.
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insulin |
During the fasting phase the primary fuels of the body are _______.
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free fatty acids
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In the 1950s, the _____ hypothalamus was thought to be a satiety center.
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Ventromedial
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______ is the breakdown of body fat to create usable forms of energy.
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Lipolysis |
CCK is a gut peptide that is thought to be a ______ peptide.
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satiety
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_______ is the monoamiergic neurotransmitter that seems to play a role in satiety.
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Serotonin |
______ models are consistent with the facts of body-weight regulation than are set-point models.
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settling-point
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_______ are to set points as leaky barrels are to settling points
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Thermostats |
Why does glucose stop being the primary source of fuel during the fasting phase?
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Glucose needs high levels of insulin in order to enter into body cells. Glucose is then saved for the brain to use. Insulin is not needed to glucose to enter the brain cells.
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How do high levels of glucagon affect adipose tissue in the fasting phase?
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Glucagon promotes the release of FREE FATTY ACIDS from adipose tissue and their use as the body's primary fuel. The high glucagon levels also stimulate the conversion of free fatty acids to ketones, which are used by muscles as energy.
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How are negative-feedback systems related to the idea of homeostasis?
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Set point systems combine negative feedback with a set point to keep an internal environment fixed at the prescribed point. For example, there are changes in energy levels so the person eats to make up for the loss until homeostasis.
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What are the 3 major weaknesses of the set-point theories?
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inconsistent with basic eating-related evolutionary pressures (i.e. ancestors surviving droughts)
no scientific evidence
fail to recognize the major influences on hunger such as social pressures, learning and taste.
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Why do diabetics take insulin shots?
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They don't produce their own insulin and it's to control the high amounts of glucose in the bloodstream.
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What is the positive-incentive theory and positive-incentive value?
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1. humans and other animals are drawn to eating b/c of the anticipated pleasure not b/c of an energy deficit
2. the anticipated pleasure of a behavior
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What is the primary thought of the positive-incentive perspective?
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We eat because we crave food. The presence of good food or the anticipation of it is what normally makes us hungry, not an energy deficit.
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Explain the significance of the Harris and associates (1933) rat and thiamine diet study.
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When thiamine deficient rats were offered two new diets, one w/ & w/o thiamine, almost all of them learned to eat the complete diet. However, when offered 10 new diets, few developed a preference for the complete diet.
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What evidence showed that the VMH was not the satiety center?
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1. the primary role of the hypothalamus is the regulation of energy metabolism, not eating. 2. many of the effects of VMH lesions are not attributable to VMH damage.
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Describe the results of lesions to the bilateral VMH.
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increase blood insulin levels, which increases lipogeneis and decreases lipolysis. So rats overeat b/c they are obese not vice versa
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Factors that influence when we eat
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Premeal hunger- feelings of hunger that are due to the body preparing for a homeostatic disturbance
Pavlovian conditioning of hunger- hunger is caused by the expectation of food, not by energy deficits
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Factors that influence how much we eat
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satiety signals- food in the gut & glucose entering the blood can induce satiety signals; sham eating- indicates that satiety signals from the gut or blood aren't necessary to terminate a meal; appetizer effect,serving size&social influences
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