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PSY 0505: EXAM 1
Biopsychology |
the scientific study of the biology of behavior
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Neuroscience
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Study of nervous system
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Neuroanatomy
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Studies the structure of the nervous system
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Neuroendocrinology |
Studies interaction between nervous system and endocrine system
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Neuropathology
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Studies nervous system disorders
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Neuropharmacology |
Studies effects of drugs on neural activities
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Neurophysiology
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Studies the functions and activities of the nervous system
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3 main dimensions along which research differs
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subjects, methods, type of research
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3 advantages of human subjects
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-can follow instructions
-can report subjective experiences
-have a human brain
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3 advantages of non human subjects
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-can be used when not ethical for humans
-underlying mechanisms are similar
-sheds light on evolution of brain
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Minimalists |
favor firm regulation and place ethic consideration on types of animal used and amount of stress induced. Need justification for support, accepts a "gray area"
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Abolitionists |
Maintain animals have the same rights as human, and any animal research is unethical. Absolutely no justification for animal research.
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Quasi-Experiments
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Researcher does not control for potential confounded variables
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Case Studies
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Focus on one individual, results are not generalizable to other people. Most case studies involve people with some kind of rare brain damage.
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Physiological Psychology
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Studies neural mechanisms of behavior. Uses direct mechanisms of brain in controlled experiments
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Psychopharmacology |
Focuses on manipulation of neural activity and behavior associated with drugs
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Neuropsychology |
Studies effects of brain damage in humans. Cannot be induced in human experimentation, so focuses on case and quasi-experimental studies
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Psychophysiology |
Studies a relation between physiological activity and psychological processes. Typically uses non-invasive procedures
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Cognitive Neuroscience
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Focuses on neural bases of cognition. Primarily uses brain imaging techniques and employs human subjects
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Comparative Psychology
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Deals with biology of behavior; compares different species to understand evolution, genetics, and adaptiveness of behavior
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Convergent/ Translational Evidence
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evidence that comes from multiple areas of biopsychology; significantly increases the strength of a claim
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Neuraxis
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Imaginary line through center of CNS, bends at angle for humans
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Rostral/ Anterior
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Toward the head/front of the skull
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Caudal/ Posterior
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Tail end, toward the rear
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Ventral/ Inferior
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Toward the belly (underneath)
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Dorsal/ Superior
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Toward the back (above)
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Lateral
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Toward the side
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Medial
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Toward the middle
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Ipsilateral |
On the same side
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Contralateral
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On opposite side
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Sagittal
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Plane parallel to neural axis and perpendicular to ground (mid-sagittal divides brain symmetrically)
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Coronal/ Frontal
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Plane parallel to forehead
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Axial/ Horizontal
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Plane parallel to ground
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Major structure of myelencephalon
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Medulla
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Functions of myelencephalon
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Vital functions (breathing, blood pressure, vomiting, muscle tone)
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Where does the reticular formation originate?
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the myelencephalon
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Reticular Formation
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Cell groups that run through core of hind brain and mid brain
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Reticular output to forebrain:
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alertness, sleep
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Reticular formation output to spinal cord:
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movement, muscle tone
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Two main areas of metencephalon
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Pons, Cerebellum
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Pons
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Two swellings at the base of the brain; regulates sleep, alertness, some vital functions and breathing
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Cerebellum
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"little brain", key for balance, coordination, fine control of movement
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Two main areas in mesencephalon
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Tectum, Tegmentum
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Two major structures in tectum
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Superior Colliculi, inferior colliculi
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Function of superior colliculi
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visual; guides eye movement and gaze
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Function of inferior colliculi
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auditory, locates direction of sound in space
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Four structures of the tegmentum
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reticular formation, periaqueductal gray, substantia nigra, red nucleus
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Role of periaqueductal gray
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mediates pain-reducing effects of opiate drugs
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role of substantia nigra
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"black substance"; role in motor system
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Role of red nucleus
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role in motor system
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