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PSY 0010: EXAM 2
circadian rythm
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Regular bodily rhythms of temperature and wakefulness that roughly follows a 24 hour cycle
Body temp rises in the morning, dips in early afternoon, and drops again in evening
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psychoactive drugs
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Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods through their actions at neural synapses (affects consciousness).
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addiction
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A compulsive craving for a substance, despite its adverse consequences (physical & psychological).
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Facial feedback effect
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The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, of happiness
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General Adaptation Syndrome
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Body's stress response w/ three stages:
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
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Unconscious parallel processing
Vs.
Sequential Conscious processing
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Our conscious awareness processes only a small part of all that we experience. Much of the stimuli we encounter is processed unconsciously.
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selective attention
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Focuses like a flashlight beam on only a very limited aspect of everything we experience
–Senses take in 11 million bits of info per second. We only consciously process about 40!
(Inattentional Blindness is one example)
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hypnogogic sensation
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a hallucination that occurs shortly before falling asleep, like the "fall effect". Occurs during Non-REM 1 sleep
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Stage 1 NREM
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Lightest level of sleep
Stage lasts a few minutes
Decreased physiological activity begins with gradual fall in vital signs and metabolism
Noise easily arouses a person.
Awakened, feels as though a daydream occurred.
Mixture of Alpha and Theta waves
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Sleepwalking
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walking or carrying out behaviors while sleeping; occurs during NREM 3 (deep) sleep
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REM sleep
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a period of desynchronized EEG activity during sleep, at which time dreaming, rapid eye movements, and muscular paralysis occur; also called paradoxical sleep
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NREM-2
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Lasts 20 minutes, periodic sleep spindles occur, you may still be easily awakened.
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NREM-3
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deep sleep, slow delta waves, night terrors and sleepwalking
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risks of sleep deprivation
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-high blood pressure
-increase in hunger-arousing
-reduced strength; slower reaction time and motor learning
-decreased ability to focus attention and store memories
-decreased immune system
-increase in fat cells/obesity
-increased joint inflammation and arthritis
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Good Sleep Strategies
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•Add 15 minutes to sleep each night
•Exercise regularly but not right before bed
•Relax before bedtime in a dimly lit room
•Avoid caffeine after early afternoon and avoid food and drink near bedtime
•Sleep on a regular schedule
•If suffering from insomnia, engage in relaxing activity outside of bed
•Avoid sleeping pills and alcohol
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Purpose of dreams- Freudian
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–Provide a safe way for people to discharge unacceptable thoughts and feelings
–Manifest content: remembered storyline of the dream
–Latent content: unconscious drives and wishes that cannot be expressed directly (symbolized in manifest content)
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purpose of dreams- information-processing perspective
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–Dreams help sort through the day’s experiences and fix them in our memory
–However, memory consolidation can occur during non-REM sleep
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purpose of dreams- physiological function
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–Provides sleeping brain with periodic stimulation
–Stimulation necessary to preserve and expand neural networks
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purpose of dreams- neural activation
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–Brain trying to make sense of neural activity in visual centers and emotion-related areas of the brain
•Little activity in frontal lobe
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withdrawal
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Upon stopping use of a drug, frequent users may experience the undesirable effects of withdrawal and intense cravings for the drug.
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physical dependence
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Withdrawal leads to physical pain and intense cravings
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psychological dependence
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Do not experience physical withdrawal symptoms but develop need to use the drug to relieve negative emotions
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tolerance
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Continued use of a psychoactive drug;
With repeated exposure to a drug, the drug’s effect lessens. Thus it takes greater quantities to get the desired effect.
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addiction
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A compulsive craving for a substance, despite its adverse consequences (physical & psychological).
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consequences of addiction
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•Impaired functioning
•Physiological disorders
•Conflict in personal relationships
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Depressants
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reduce neural activity and slow body functions. Ex: alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
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Alcohol |
causes
–disinhibition
–slowed neural processing
–memory impairment
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Barbituates
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(tranquilizers)
depresses the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.
–Can cause death if taken in large doses or with alcohol
Examples: Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal
prescribed to induce sleep or reduce anxiety
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Opiates
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(Opium, morphine, and heroin) depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.
Mimics the actions of endorphins ->
After repeated use can cause the brain to stop producing endorphins
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Stimulants
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temporarily excite neural activity and speed up body functions. Ex caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, MDMA
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Caffeine
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stimulates nervous system and increases heart and breathing rates to create a burst of energy that lasts about 3-4 hours
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Nicotine
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takes away
unpleasant cravings
by triggering the release of epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and endorphins.
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Cocaine
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blocks the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine causing an immediate euphoria followed by a crash
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Methamphetamines
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Triggers the release of dopamine which enhances mood and energy
•After repeated use the brain stops naturally producing as much dopamine
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MDMA
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stimulant and mild hallucinogen
Triggers release of dopamine and serotonin and blocks reuptake of serotonin
•Dehydrating effect
•Can damage serotonin producing neurons
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Hallucinogens
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distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input (hallucinations).
Examples:
LSD
Marijuana
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LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
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•Blocks the actions of a subtype of serotonin
•Leads to vivid hallucinations
•Emotional reactions can range from euphoria to detachment to panic depending on the user’s current mood
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Marijuana
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major active ingredient (THC) causes similar effects to alcohol but is also a mild hallucinogen
-Amplifies sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells
- Heavy use can lead to shrinkage brain areas that process memories and emotions
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Basic components of emotions
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•Physiological arousal
•Expressive behaviors
•Consciously experienced thoughts
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Schachter & Singer (1962)
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emotions require physiological arousal but a cognitive interpretation of arousal is necessary for genuine emotion
injected participants with norepi.
emotion reported by participants depended on the behaviour of a confederate
confederate enables interpretation of the emotional cause of their arousal
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2 dimensions of emotion
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variance (how positive/negative the experience is)
arousal (how active/passive the experience is)
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Display Rules
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Cultural rules for how often we display emotions and what emotions we are “allowed” to display.
On average women are more expressive than men (with the exception of anger) and are better at reading others’ emotions than men
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affective forecasting
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predicting future emotions
for example, if an event will result in happiness or sadness and for how long
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Happiness and Wealth
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•not associated with happiness
–Adaptation-level phenomenon
–Social comparison
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Stress depenence
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Dependece on our appraisal of a situation: Threat-stressed to distraction; Challenge- aroused, focused
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The Stress Response System
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fight-or-flight response marked by the outpouring of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands, increasing heart and respiration rates, mobilizing sugar and fat, and dulling pain.
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Steps of General Adaptation Syndrome
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1. Alarm reaction (mobilize resources)
2. Resistance (cope with stressor)
3. Exhaustion (reserves depleted)
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Sheldon Cohen's study on stress and colds
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checked into "cold research unit"
completed questionnaires on stress and other factors
randomly assigned to received cold virus or placebo
measured cold symptoms
found that risk of cold increased linearly with increase in duration of stress
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Personality and Heart Disease
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Type A: competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B: easygoing, relaxed people
-Anger-prone aspect of Type A personality linked with increase in risk of heart attack
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problem-focused coping
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developing a strategy and taking steps to eliminate a stressor
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emotion-focused coping
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focus on managing the negative emotions associated with stress
-Rumination vs. distraction
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perceived control
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The absence of control over stressors is a predictor of health problems.
• Nursing home patients who feel that they have little control over their activities
decline faster and die sooner than those
who are given more control
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Optimism |
People with an optimistic (instead of pessimistic) explanatory style tend to have more control over stressors, cope better with stressful events, have better moods, and have a stronger immune system.
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aerobic exercise
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triggers the release of endorphins and serotonin which lowers tension, depression, and anxiety
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