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SOC 0438: EXAM 1
What are divorce rate trends?
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divorce has DECLINED since peaking in 1981
1/5 adults have divorced at least once
Couples marrying today have a 50% chance of divorce
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What are the 3 basic positions of family researchers?
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1. The family is deteriorating
2. The family is stronger than ever
3. The family is changing but surviving (NOT deteriorating)
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What are the results of the increase in both marriage partners working outside of the home?
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Results:
More money = less marital fighting = less divorce
*lack of $$ is a major cause of marital fighting
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The Independence Effect
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Result of both martial partners working
economic power --> social power
working wives less willing to put up w/ crap
increase in divorce rates
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Issues w/ children that result from both martial partners working more?
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1. child care
- no natl. day care safety standard
2. Latchkey kids (left alone at home)
-3x more likely to encounter trouble
3. Quality time
-try to eat dinner together at least 3x a week
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Simpson-Bowles Commission solution to U.S. being top-heavy w/ elderly? Problems?
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solution = raise retirement age to decrease deficit
problem = top income earners inc. life expectancy (6 yrs) more than bottom earners (1 yr)
* bottom earners cannot retire
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Ecological Theory
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This theory encompasses all (micro & macro) aspects
Macrosystem (ex: war, culture, economic recession)
Exosystem (ex: workplace, media, legal services, etc. )
Mesosystem (ex: child care, peers, religious groups, etc)
Microsystem (ex: child & parent)
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Structural Functionalism Theory
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examines relationship b/t family & larger society
What function do behavioral patterns & institutions serve?
* structure of family can change but NOT the function
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What are the 2 functions of the family? (Structual Functionalism)
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Family:
1. produces new members
2. transmits culture from generation to generation
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Social Conflict Theory
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theory states that struggle & strife make the world go round
struggle ---> action/outcomes
ex: gender wars, parents vs. kids, power struggles
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Symbolic Interaction Theory
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theory examines the negotiation & development of meaning within the family
how do our ideas, beliefs, & attitudes shape ourselves & our family?
we assign meaning to things
ex: husband w/ drinking problem blames wife
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Social Exchange Theory
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theory states that people are "rational actors" & look out for their best interest
people seek to maximize their rewards & minimize costs
Homogamy = people tend to marry those w/ social assets similar to theirs
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Family Systems Theory
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originated from the study of schizophrenia
theory examines how members of a family interact within the family system
family is a functioning unit
*most practical theory*
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What are some problems with the Family Systems Theory?
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Many FS Theorists viewed families as "Functional" & "Dysfunctional" w/ their own characteristics
compared families w/ a schizophrenic to a normal family
There are better ways to examine this
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Lennard Bernstein's revised Family Systems Approach
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this approach looked at families on a spectrum (Dysfunctional --> functional)
some families are dysfunctional most of the time
most families are dysfunctional some of the time
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Family Systems Therapy
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Focuses on the group to get different perspectives
Present the problem as stated to identify the index person
Use genographs & ecomaps to examine the whole family system
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What is the importance of social movements?
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they organize to put pressure on powerful groups
catalysts for change
ex: labor unions, women's movement, & political involvement
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What are some trends in the U.S. over the past century?
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birth rates decreased
marriage rates decreased
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Trends in the 1950s
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period of deviation from long term trends
period of affluence for working class
*only used husbands income
rise of Familism & suburbia
birth rates and marriage rates increased by a lot
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Why was the 1950s considered a deviation from long term trends?
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the Great Depression was over & U.S. was on top of the global economy
people could afford to get married
workers demanded higher wages
working class affluence
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Familism
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term describing the trend of:
-getting married
-buying a house
-having kids
*depicted what the ideal family was
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Trends in the late 50s & 1960s
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rise of McCarthyism
social paranoia & suspicion of different people
Disillusionment
Johnson wanted to start war on poverty
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Trends in the 1970s
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U.S. no longer at the top of global economy
unemployment, inflation, food shortages
steel mills were closing due to dissipation of heavy industry
"Self-Fulfillment" craze = sex craze
very depressing times
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The "Me" Decade
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1970s
psychological revolution of people finding happiness within
recognizing inner needs
talking about our problems
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Genograph
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A picture of the extended family across generations
*tool used in Family Systems Therapy
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Index Person
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The person with the problem as originally stated
family lightning rod (blamed for everything)
*used in Family Systems Therapy
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Ecomap
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A picture of the family as it relates to other systems in its environment
i.e. occupation, hobbies, ethnic/racial membership, medical situations, & health problems
*tool used in Family Systems Therapy
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Sex
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Biological differences between males and females
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Gender |
social-psychological
what males & females are supposed to do
"acting masculine or feminine"
a learned process
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Gender Roles
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the characteristics, attitudes, feelings & behaviors that society expects of
females & males
a social script
we learn about these from our cultures
Relative
- if we change our setting, the w
scripts change
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Biological Explanation of Gender behavioral differences: Ancient Chinese
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Yang (masculine) = bright, hot, active, positive
Yin (feminine) = dark, moist, cold, passive
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Biological Explanations of Gender Behavior Differences: Freud
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Believed that there was only 1 sex
- complete males = men
- incomplete males = women
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Biological Explanations of Gender Behavior Differences: Lab Studies
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Hormonal Research conducted w/ rats
Alice Rossi----> women are more involved in parenting b/c of their hormones
Genetics, Brain chemistry, neuroanatomy
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Sociocultural Explanations of Gender Behavioral Differences: Margaret Mead cross cultural research
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Studied 3 different tribes
1. Men & women behaved mildly
2. Men & women were fierce & aggressive
3. Women were aggressive gatherers & men were more artsy & gossiped
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Sociocultural Explanations of Gender Behavioral Differences: Lakota Sioux cross cultural
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4 genders in the Native American tribe
1. Men
2. Women
3. Men w/ female characteristics
4. Women w/ male characteristics
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Sociocultural Explanations of Gender Behavioral Differences: Primate Studies
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showed that learned behavior is crucial
Harlow Rhesus Monkeys ---> sex is NOT instinctual
- monkeys raised in isolation did not know how to have sex when they became adults
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Kung Bushman Hunters & Gatherers
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Group that lived in the Kalahari Desert
Men:
- spent many hours hunting
- frequently failed b/c of bad tools
Women:
- gatherers supplied 2/3 of the calories
- keep food coming regularly
- social power
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Agricultural Revolution
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10,000 BC
large surplus of food---> larger pops
origin of cities & domesticated animals
* change in the way we eat
created large extended patriarchal families
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Patriarchal Society
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inheritance controlled by patriarch & traced through males
warfare becomes more important
more militaristic societies = highest male dominance
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Evolution of Gender Stratification
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H & G phase = smallest difference
Agrarian phase = largest difference
Industrial Phase = smaller than agrarian but larger than H&G
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Consequences of Gender Stratification
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horrible things happened to women in societies w/ HIGH male dominance
mistreatment was encouraged by family values
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Female Genital Cutting
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seen as a rite of passage
practiced in Africa & Middle East
practice of piercing or amputation some or all of the female's genitals
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FGM statistics
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125 million women have been circumcised globally
there is a gradual fall in FGM in Africa
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Family Honor crimes
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in Arab countries a male relative may execute a female relative if she violates traditional mores
psych explanation = men have deep seeded need to control women
social explanation = bad things happen to people at bottom of power hierarchy; cultural messages
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Obstetric Fistula
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occurs in women at age 13-20
pelvis is too narrow for childbirth---> hole ripped b/t vagina & rectum
Results in incontinence, odor, shame
*2 million women suffer from it
*50,000-100,000 new cases in Africa
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Dry Sex
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Sub-Saharan Africa family honor crime
women deliberately dry out vagina to make sex better for man
results in painful sex, tearing of vaginal tissue, increase chance of infection or AIDS
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What is the illiteracy rate of women compared to men in Africa?
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50% higher for women
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How many people in Africa suffer from severe poverty?
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1.3 billion people
70% are women
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Sociological Themes of Love
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1. love is a social activity
- it is patterened
2. love is a social construction
- we manage & define our emotional states
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
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we can change our thoughts by changing actions
*thought/action feedback loop
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Rational-Emotive Therapy
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we feel the way we decide to feel
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Schacter Social-Psychological Approach
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there are 2 parts to any emotional experience
1. physiological arousal
2. interpretation of the experience (shaped by social environment)
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Ovid
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stated that the best place for a man to successfully flirt w/ a woman is the Roman Colosseum
lots of excitement = emotions
female arousal + skilled male = romantic passion
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Haushchild Feeling Rules & Feeling Work
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Feeling rules =
rules about how we are supposed to feel in certain situations
Feeling Work =
modifying our feelings to make them appropriate for the situation
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Zick Rubin's Research findings on romance
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Research found that:
- Men are more romantic & more likely to hurt after a breakup
- Women are more cautious in entering a relationship
- Women are more likely to end a relationship
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Differential wealth creation in families after WWII
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White:
- more likely to have access to resources
- more access to GI Bill resources (college funding, job training, low interest)
- 98% of fed govt $ to home loans went to Whites
Black:
- higher % rejected from the service during WWII
- few colleges could accommodate all vet applicants
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Net worth of Black families today
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net work of black families is 1/8 that of the average white family
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Race
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a category of people who share PHYSICAL characteristics that society consider socially important
i.e. Skin color
*a social concept
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Ethnicity
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a set of people who identify w/ a particular origin or culture
*share customs, traditions, language, geographic roots, religion
i.e. Chinese, Puerto Ricans, Italians, Jews
*can be a basis for unequal treatment
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Assimilation
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conformity of a minority group to the culture & beliefs of the dominant group
*includes intermarriage
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Acculturation
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adoption of many values & norms (I.e. language & beliefs) of the dominant group but still maintain their independence
*marry within their own group
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Cultural Pluralism
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*opposite of assimilation
maintaining many aspects of one's original culture while living peacefully w/ the host (dominant) culture
*marrying within ones group
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Minority Group
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a group of people who may be treated differently from the dominant group b/c of their physical or cultural characteristics
i.e. gender, sexual orientation, religion, skin color
* have less power, privilege, & social status
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Racism
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a set of beliefs that one's own racial group is inherently superior to others
fuels unequal treatment
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Discrimination
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BEHAVIOR that treats people unequally or unfairly that can also occur within racial-ethnic groups
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gender stratification
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people's UNEQUAL access to wealth, power, status, prestige, opportunity & other values resources b/c of their gender
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Lee's Styles of Loving
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stated that there are 6 basic styles of loving which overlap and vary in intensity
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Styles of Loving: EROS
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love of beauty
characterized by powerful physical attraction --> love at 1st sight
Ex: erotic lovers in romance novels
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Styles of Loving: MANIA
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love that is characterized by obsessiveness, jealously, possessiveness, & intense dependency
lovers are consumed by thought of beloved & insatiable need for attention
associated w/ low self -esteem & self-concept
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Styles of Loving: LUDUS
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love that is carefree & casual
fun & games
not very emotional w/ sex
can have numerous loves & no jealously
afraid of commitment
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Styles of Loving: STORGE
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love that is slow burning, peaceful, & affectionate
equivalent to companionate love & feelings of togetherness
goals: marriage, children, & having a home
affection develops over years
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Styles of Loving: AGAPE
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love that is altruistic, self-sacrificing, kind, patient, directed toward all human-kind, never jealous
Christian type of love
ex: waiting indefinitely for a lover to be released from prison
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Styles of Loving: PRAGMA
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rational love based on practical considerations (ex: compatibility)
love w/ a shopping list
moves on quickly if they lack compatibility
practical w/ divorce
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2 factors leading to abuse & mistreatment of women
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1. gender stratification (traditional values)
2. economic stratification (poverty)
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Data & Interpretation Wars
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scientific evidence can always support a number of competing interpretations
ex: flat earth society
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Family is moving through uncharted waters
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This notion is due to the fact that families are facing stresses & situations that we have never dealt w/ before
we also don't have many precedents to look at
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