PHIL 1273: FINAL EXAM
69 Cards in this Set
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In the context of employment-at-will...
a) Employers must hire only employees who exhibit a good will (in Kant's sense)
b) Employers may fire employees only with two weeks' notice and severance pay
c) Employees may quit their jobs only with two weeks' notice to their employers
d) Non…
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None of the above
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According to Orlando, a manager's fiduciary responsibility to shareholders requires that the manager must always put shareholder interests ahead of employee interests.
a) True
b) False
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False
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According to Orlando, most shareholders do not have a reasonable expectation of input into the firm's decision making.
a) True
b) False
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True
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According to Hochshild, emotional labor is...
a) When a firm's workforce is too emotional to complete its work
b) When an employer requires employees to induce or suppress emotions as part of the job
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above
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When an employer requires employees to induce or suppress emotions as part of the job
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According to Bok, employees have a defeasible (i.e., non-absolute) obligation to go along with their employers wishes.
a) True
b) False
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True
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Which of the following are among considerations Bok says would-be whistleblowers should take into account before blowing the whistle?
a) The truth of the accusation to be made
b) The harms and benefits whistleblowing will bring to the public
c) The harms and benefits whistleblowing wil…
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All of the above
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According to Duska, an individual cannot be loyal to a group of any kind.
a) True
b) False
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False
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Friedman's argument for shareholder primacy is based on...
a) Libertarianism
b) Utilitarianism
c) Feminism
d) Teleology
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Libertarianism
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According to Friedman, shareholders are only ever interested in profits for themselves.
a) True
b) False
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False
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In an agent-principal relationship, the agent is bound to act in the interest of the principal, no matter what the principal wants.
a) True
b) False
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False
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According to Stone, managers should always seek to maximize profits because this goal serves as a "polestar" - pursuing it leads to benefits for all stakeholders.
a) True
b) False
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False
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According to Freeman, which of the following parties are among the stakeholders in a firm's success?
a) The firm's stockholders
b) The firm's bondholders
c) The firm's employees
d) The local community
e) All of the above
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All of the above
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According to Shaw, affirmative action is a form of reverse job discrimination.
a) True
b) False
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False
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According to Shaw, most proponents of affirmative action policies think that non-discrimination policies are sufficient on their own to rectify race - and gender - based hiring inequalities.
a) True
b) False
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False
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According to the ideology of colorblind racism, racial inequalities are explained by biological inferiority of racial minorities.
a) True
b) False
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False
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The formation goal of this course is a response to the fact that students' personal judgements about morality are likely incomplete and perhaps even inconsistent.
a) True
b) False
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True
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According to the moral psychology readings (NPR, Fisman & Galinsky, Bazerman & Tenbrunsel, Kahneman), people sometimes fail to attend to things they care about and so act against their own considered moral evaluations.
a) True
b) False
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True
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According to Sandel, the freedom issues raised in contemporary discussions about morality are largely rooted in deontological ethical theory.
a) True
b) False
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True
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All three approaches to justice that Sandel discusses in Chapter 1 ultimately lead to the same conclusions about what is right and what is wrong.
a) True
b) False
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False
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According to Bentham, we should just maximize pleasure - moral concepts like rights, liberty, etc. are all either unnecessary or mistaken.
a) True
b) False
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True
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A good will, according to Kant, is one that wants all people to flourish as human beings.
a) True
b) False
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False
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One form of Kant's Categorical Imperative says to act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become universal law.
a) True
b) False
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True
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According to the Aristotelian approach to ethics, there is no such thing as human nature.
a) True
b) False
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False
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According to the Aristotelian approach to ethics, we need to know about human nature in order to figure out human flourishing.
a) True
b) False
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True
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According to the Aristotelian approach to ethics, social institutions have moral purposes.
a) True
b) False
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True
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According to the Aristotelian approach to ethics, every social institution has exactly the same moral purpose - to promote all aspects of each person's human flourishing.
a) True
b) False
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False
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The formation goal of this course is advanced by investigating
a) Ethical theory
b) Moral psychology
c) The metaphysical foundations of first philosophy
d) None of the above
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Ethical Theory
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The integrity goal of this course is advanced by investigating
a) Ethical theory
b) Moral psychology
c) The metaphysical foundations of first philosophy
d) None of the above
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Moral Psychology
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According to Kehneman, System 1 thinking
a) Is always wrong
b) Is automatic, quick, and 'involuntary'
c) Has a limited domain - you can't turn System 2 thinking into System 1 thinking
d) All of the above
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Is automatic, quick, and 'involuntary'
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According to Thaler,
a) 'Moral fading' is false
b) 'choice engineering' the environment helps people improve their reasoning
c) It is impossible to improve reasoning performance at a personal (non-environmental) level
d) All of the above
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'choice engineering' the environment helps people improve their reasoning
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Sandel discusses three basic approaches to questions about justice:
a) Welfare, freedom, and virtue
b) Rights, duties, and permissions
c) Animal, vegetable, and mineral
d) Requirements, permission, and prohibitions
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Welfare, freedom, and virtue
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Utilitarians of all stripes agree that we should
a) Respect the Categorical Imperative
b) Maximize the good (whatever that is precisely)
c) Determine what leads to human flourishing in order to determine what is good
d) All of the above
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Maximize the good (whatever that is precisely)
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Mills argues that
a) It is possible to distinguish higher pleasures from lower ones
b) We should act to provide the greatest good for the greatest number
c) People should be free to do whatever they want, provided they do not harm others
d) All of the above
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All of the above
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A maxim of making false promises violates the Categorical Imperative, according to Kant, because
a) False promises are lies and lies are forbidden by all ethical views
b) If everyone adopted that maxim then society would be much worse off
c) If everyone adopted that maxim then adopting…
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If everyone adopted that maxim then adopting it for yourself would no longer make sense
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According to the Aristotelian approach to ethics,
a) A person's current inclinations determine what is good for her
b) People must use reason to identify and balance important human interests
c) It is important not to overthink ethical situations = people need to go with the flow
d) P…
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People must use reason to identify and balance important human interests
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According to the Aristotelian approach to ethics, government regulation of social institutions is...
a) Never justified because such regulations harm human flourishing
b) Justified to the extent that such regulations safeguard human flourishing
c) Not a moral issue at all because regul…
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Justified to the extent that such regulations safeguard human flourishing
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The argument that markets are good because they are necessary for liberty and the argument that markets are good because they produce good outcomes are (completely) compatible - they can both be (completely) right.
a) True
b) False
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False
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The fact that market mechanisms supply us with the most of the things we need to survive means that markets must be morally good
a) True
b) False
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False
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According to Sandel, cannibalism between consenting adults poses the ultimate test for the libertarian principle of self-ownership and the idea of justice that follows from it.
a) True
b) False
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True
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According to Hausman & McPherson, giving someone cash rather than something you buy for them with that cash maximizes that person's preference satisfaction
a) True
b) False
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True
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According to libertarians, taking money from people - even for a good cause, even if they are very wealthy - is coercive and so violates their liberty to do with their money whatever they please.
a) True
b) False
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True
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According to Savan, advertising touches our lives infrequently
a) True
b) False
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False
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According to Savan, advertising often works by threatening perceived status (e.g., 'you won't be able to stay "with it" unless you use our product').
a) True
b) False
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True
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According to Camerer, modern psychology teaches us that people care only about their own wealth and won't sacrifice to help or hurt others.
a) True
b) False
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False
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According to Camerer, people over-weight (assign too much importance to) small probabilities
a) True
b) False
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True
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Tullberg's narrow responsibility view of product liability emphasizes, in particular, the compensation aspect of product liability judgments
a) True
b) False
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True
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Which of the following is not a criticism of the welfare/outcome argument for free markets?
a) Freedom is not an absolute value - outcomes matter
b) Markets can distribute benefits in a way that leaves some people without much
c) Markets satisfy preferences, but some preferences should…
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Freedom is not an absolute value - outcomes matter
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Economic/Pareto efficiency is defined in terms of which concept?
a) Ease of use
b) Transaction costs
c) Return on investment
d) Preference satisfaction
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Preference satisfaction
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Which of the following statements would not fit as a critique of the welfare/outcome justification of the market?
a) The good should be defined as preference satisfaction
b) The good should not be defined as preference satisfaction
c) There are more important moral goals than maximizin…
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The good should be defined as preference satisfaction
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With which statement is someone who supports the free market Libertarian reasons most likely to agree?
a) Overall, liberty is more valuable than anything else
b) What really matters in ethics is the kind of person you are
c) The best things that can happen to a person is that they have…
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Overall, liberty is more valuable than anything else
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According to the Libertarian doctrine of personal responsibility
a) War is politics by other means
b) Those who forget history are doomed to repeat it
c) Americans can be counted on to do the right thing - after they have tried everything else
d) None of the above (all of the foregoin…
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None of the above (all of the foregoing are familiar phrases that have nothing in particular to do with Libertarianism)
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According to Savan, advertising leads us to expect that
a) Only status is important in life, not relationships or material objects
b) There will and always should be regular blips of excitement and resolution
c) Others will take care of us, so we will not be required to expend effort t…
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There will and always should be regular blips of excitement and resolution
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According to Camerer, people
a) Treat gaining and losing a given amount in a symmetrical way
b) Like gaining a given amount more than they hate losing that amount
c) Hate losing a given amount more than they like gaining that amount
d) None of the above
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Hate losing a given amount more than they like gaining that amount
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According to Camerer, people regularly
a) Choose a nearer but lesser good
b) Choose a further but lesser good
c) Choose a further but greater good
d) None of the above
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Choose a nearer but lesser good
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According to Modic, we should replace the tort law system of product liability with one that
a) Compensates the victims of product injuries through an insurance system
b) Deters future wrongdoings by firms that create defective products through the criminal justice system
c) Both of th…
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Both of the above
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According to Tullberg's narrow responsibility view of product liability, a person who is injured is entitled to compensation that
a) Allows her the ability to get back into the workforce
b) Allows her to live a life she could have reasonably expected had she not been injured
c) Provide…
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Allows her the ability to get back into the workforce
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According to Hausman & McPherson, Paternalism is always bad
a) True
b) False
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b) False
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According to prominent libertarians, a government violates individual freedom when it makes laws against employment discrimination: if employers want to discriminate on the basis of race, religion, or any other factor, the state has no right to prevent them from doing so
a) True
b) Fa…
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a) True
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According to Modic, the tort system of product liability creates a mismatch between deterrence and compensation: mere compensation might not deter; judgements large enough to deter overcompensate & so create bad incentives
a) True
b) False
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a) True
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According to Savan, the relationship between a brand and its image is
a) Purely coincidental
b) Deliberately manufactured, but not based on anything substantial; brand images are malleable..
c) Determined by the particular qualities of the brand, so that a brand can't help but have the…
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b) Deliberately manufactured, but not based on anything substantial; brand images are malleable..
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The integrity goal of this course is a response to the fact that people often fail to act in accord with their own personal judgements about morality
a) True
b) False
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a) True
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According to the moral psychology readings (NPR, Fisman & Galinsky, Bazerman & Tenbrunsel, Kahneman), self interest is the only thing that ever motivates anyone
a) True
b) False
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b) False
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Mill argues with Bentham that natural rights are "nonsense on stilts"
a) True
b) False
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b) False
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According to Sandel, one justification offered for so-called "price gouging" in the aftermath of a natural disaster is that...
a) Higher prices lead businesses to transfer needed resources to the disaster area more quickly
b) Businesses are free to do what they want with stuff they own,…
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c) Both of the above
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The Categorical Imperative requires that a person's maxims be rational in the sense that they
a) Apply consistently across rational agents
b) Propose actions that actually advance the goals they contain
c) Both of the above
d) None of the above
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c) Both of the above
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According to shaw even open minded people may operate on implicit assumptions that work to the disadvantage of women and minorities.
a) True
b) False
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a) True
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The median wealth of white households today is roughly _______ times that of Hispanic or African American households
a) 4
b) 6
c) 10
d) None of the above
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c) 10
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Surveys have indicated that male managers frequently assume that women
a) Are too emotional to be good managers
b) Lack the necessary drive to succeed in business
c) Place family demands above work considerations
d) All of the above
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d) All of the above
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According to equal employment opportunity commission guidelines, affirmative action programs involve
a) Quota systems for hiring to ensure minority representation in a firm
b) Supportive in house and community programs to combat discrimination
c) Selectively lowering job standards for…
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b) Supportive in house and community programs to combat discrimination
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PHIL 1273: ETHICS EXAM 1