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COMM 1113: EXAM 2
language
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a structured system of symbols used for communicating meaning
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denotative meaning
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the literal meaning of a word
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connotative meaning
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the ideas or concepts a word suggests in addition to its literal definition
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loaded language
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words with strongly positive or negative connotations
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ambiguous language
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words that can have more than one meaning
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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a theory that language shapes a person's views of relaity
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credibility |
the extent to which others perceive us to be competent and trustworthy
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gossip
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informal, and frequently judgmental, talk about people who aren't present
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criticism |
the act of passing judgment on someone or something
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threat
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a declaration of the intention to harm someone
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persuasion |
the process of convincing people to think or act in a certain way
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anchor-and-contrast-approach
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a persuasion technique by which one precedes a desired request with a request that is much larger
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norm of reciprocity
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the expectation that favors are reciprocated
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social validation principle
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the idea that people will comply with requests if they believe that others are also complying
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euphemism
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a vague and mild expression that symbolizes and substitutes for something blunter and harsher
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slang
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informal and unconventional words often understood only within a particular group
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jargon
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technical vocabulary of a certain occupation or profession
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defamation
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language that harms a person's reputation or image
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profanity
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language considered to be vulgar, rude, or obscene
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hate speech
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language used to degrade, intimidate, or dehumanize specific groups of people
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I-statement
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a statement that claims ownership of the communicator's thoughts or feelings
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you-statement
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a statement that shifts responsibility for the communicator's feelings or thoughts to the other party in the communication
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nonverbal communication
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behaviors and characteristics that convey meaning without the use of words
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emoticons
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textual representations of facial expressions
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nonverbal channel
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the various behavioral forms that nonverbal communication takes
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deception
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the act of leading others to believe something the speaker knows to be untrue
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immediacy behaviors
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nonverbal signs of affection and affiliation
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facial displays
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facial expressions that are an important source of information in nonverbal communication
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symmetry
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the similarity between the left and right sides of a face or body
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proportionality
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the relative sizes of facial or body features
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oculesics |
the study of eye behavior
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kinesics
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the study of movement
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gesticulation
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the use of arm and hand movements to communicate
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emblems
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gestures that have a direct verbal translation
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illustrators |
gestures that go along with a verbal message to clarify it
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affect displays
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gestures that communicate emotion
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regulators
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gestures that control the flow of conversation
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adaptors
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gestures used to satisfy a personal need
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haptics
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the study of the sense of touch
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vocalics
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characteristics of the voice that communicate meaning
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paralanguage
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vocalic behaviors that communicate meaning along with verbal behavior
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olfactics
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the study of the sense of smell
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proxemics
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the study of the use of space
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intimate distance
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the zone of space willingly occupied only with intimate friends, family members, and romantic partners
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personal distance
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the zone of space occupied with close friends or relatives
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social distance
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the zone of space occupied with casual acquaintances
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public distance
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the zone of space maintained during a public presentation
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halo effect
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a predisposition to attribute positive qualities to physically attractive people
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chronemics
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the use of time
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artifacts
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objects and visual features that reflect a person's identity and preferences
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