HES 2823: FINAL EXAM
186 Cards in this Set
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Children who consume more soft drinks weigh more
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What is a major problem with soft drinks being marketed to children, according to your instructor?
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It is counterproductive, since the child will dislike that food and be less likely to eat it in the future
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Encouraging a child to eat a certain food is likely to have what effect on that child?
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He made throwing away food a moral issue, rather than a health issue, thus encouraging people to overeat
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In our discussion of the Roy Rogers Riders Club, what did Roy do to Americans regarding our eating habits?
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About 30% the same as Healthy Heart Guidelines
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What did we say would be a healthy fat content in the diet during weight loss?
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A person will not be as hungry the rest of the day if they eat breakfast, so less likely to overeat
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Why is breakfast eating important to weight loss?
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It is the protein that was found to be deficient in mice that were genetically obese
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Why did we mention leptin in class (during the slide presentation)?
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Throw food away even though it wastes money
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The primary strategy recommended by your instructor to counteract increasing portion size in the US is to
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Red beans and rice
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Which of the following combinations of food is a good example of complementary proteins to meet essential amino acid needs?
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The body breaks down its own proteins, giving no priority to tissues such as the heart or liver over muscle
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Which of the following statements best describes how our body reacts to starvation?
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If they are helpful, it is probably because they provide extra calories, not extra protein
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What best describes your instructor's impression of protein supplements for muscle gain?
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Emphasizing fruits and vegetables in your diet
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Which of the following strategies did your instructor feel would be successful in a weight management program?
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25
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To stay in good health, we would like to stay below what body mass index?
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65
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The incidence of overweight and obesity in the U.S. is now estimated at about _____% of the adult population.
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3500
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About how many kcalories are in one pound of fat?
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Increase in thyroid hormone secretion
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Why do we see an increase in BMR with overeating?
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kidney
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Urea is FILTERED from the blood by the ______.
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The essential amino acid in an incomplete protein that limits protein synthesis
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Define limiting amino acid.
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Jello
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Which of the following would a vegetarian (eats no animal products) want to avoid, based on class discussion?
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During starvation
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When is conversion of amino acids to glucose important?
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Body size
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Which of the following is NOT going to influence the thermic effect of food?
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Body proteins are broken down to release amino acids for the pool
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What is the source of amino acids for the amino acid pool when the diet is devoid of protein?
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7
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The caloric content of alcohol is ____ kcal/g.
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It can be purchased by athletes and taken, but universities cannot provide it, called nonpermissible
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We discussed the NCAA has what regulations regarding creatine?
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Methionine
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Which of the following is the limiting amino acid for legumes like pinto beans?
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When amino acids are consumed in excess of need
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Deamination of amino acids occurs
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Eggs
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Which of the following foods would have the highest net protein utilization?
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20 7x4= 28/140 = 20
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If a food contains 7 grams of protein and 140 kcalories, what is the % protein in this food?
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BMR usually increases as you get older
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Which of the following is NOT true?
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Nitrogen balance will be maintained since they are healthy
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If a healthy adult eats excess protein
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Consumers thinking that any low fat food item is low calories, so they overeat that item
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The "Snackwell Syndrome" is caused by
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Abdomen
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Which of the following sites of fat storage is most associated with an increase in heart disease risk?
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Some people resoind to overeating by increasing this component, thus preventing weight gain
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Nonexercise activity has been found to be important because of which of the following?
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1,3,4,2
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For the following items, rank the energy density from MOST dense to LEAST dense.
1. Corn oil 2. Water 3. Pretzel 4. Apple
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Portion sizes have increased
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Obesity rates have soared in the past 10 years in the US. The most critical issue, according to your instructor explaining this increase, is which of the following factors?
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Weight in Kilograms / (Height in meters)^2
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How did we define body mass index?
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Lung cancer
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Which of the following diseases did we discuss DOES NOT HAVE a clear link to obesity?
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Take the intake that you would maintain your weight and subtract 500 kcal from that to lose 1 lb/wk
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How did we suggest you determine a reasonable daily caloric intake for weight loss?
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Salty
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We are born to like what flavor?
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Lysine
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Wheat, which are part of the grains grouping of complementary proteins, is limiting in ________.
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The body weight that we defend against change
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How did we define the set point for weight in class?
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Obesity
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What is the leading cause of diabetes, especially Type 2, in the U.S.?
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Catalyze chemical reactions in the cell
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Which of the following protein functions did we decide was the highest priority for the body to maintain?
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Body proteins are broken down to replenish the amino acid pool
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A person has not eaten anything for a week.
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Body protiens are broken down to replenish the amino acid
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A person is consuming is a vegetarian diet with rice as the only body protein source.
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Amino acids are deaminated and stored as fat
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A person is consuming a diet that is excessive in kcal, providing 30% of kcal as protein.
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The baby is able to learn self-regulated intake early in life
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We discussed reasons why breastfeeding might lead to less obesity later in life. Give ONE explanation.
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Physiological effect: thyroid hormone production and BMR decrease Psychological effect: become obsessed with food
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We discussed the Keys study and described two primary observations regarding the effects of starvation, one physiological (effect on the body or on metabolism) and one psychological (how we think). Give either one of these effects of starvation.
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A) Enzymes - lipoproteins B) Antibodies - Structural proteins
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We listed a number of FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS on the board, such as HORMONES like insulin that regulate metabolism. Name (or describe) two other functions of our proteins in the body.
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2 years old
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At what age (in years) did we recommend that trying to limit fat intake begin? In other words, at what age do we BEGIN to implement the Healthy Heart Guidelines, so as not to overly restrict caloric intake in a child?
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Xerophthalmia
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Which of the following diseases would most likely cause irreversible damage, a person would have long term problems after their diet improved?
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Thiamin
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Which of the following nutrients is involved in energy metabolism?
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The absorption of calcium
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Vitamin D is required for
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Enriched breads and cereals
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In the United States, iron is currently added to
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Foods cooked in cast iron skillets
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Liver is the single richest source of iron. Other foods that are good sources of iron include
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Hydroxyapatite
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The crystalline salts containing calcium and phosphorus deposited in bone are called
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The ash content could be measured
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What method could be used to determine the mineral content of a food?
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Homocysteine
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What compound increases in concentration in the blood during folic acid deficiency, these high levels being a risk factor of heart disease?
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Fluorapatite
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Fluoride is essential in the diet because it is a component of
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Vitamin B6
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Which vitamin toxicity leads to permanent nerve damage?
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Beta-carotene
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_________ is the yellow-orange pigment found in carrots.
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Tea
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When consumed with a meal, which beverage reduces iron absorption most significantly?
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All women planning to become pregnant should take a folic acid supplement
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When does your instructor recommend the use of vitamin supplements (pills)?
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Supplements increased lung cancer incidence by up to 18% in smokers
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What did we conclude regarding taking beta-carotene supplements and caner risk?
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Niacin
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A deficiency of which of these nutrients leads to pellagra?
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Adding a nutrient above what is normally found in the food
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What do we mean when we talk about the fortification of food?
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Calcium fortified orange juice
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What did we conclude in class would be the highest source of calcium for a lactose intolerant person?
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Pregnant women
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Which of the following is an at risk group for developing folic acid deficiency?
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Pernicious anemia
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In an unusual treatment, meat was swallowed by a healthy person and then retrieved and fed too a sick person. This treatment was effective for
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Iron
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For which nutrient did we discuss that women have a much higher requirement than men do?
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Roast beef
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Which of the following is an example of a heme iron source?
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Folic acids
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Which of the following vitamins was fortified in bread products as a way to reduce neural tube defects?
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Vitamin A is required for formation of light sensitive compounds in the retina
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Which of the following vitamins was fortified in bread products as a way to reduce neural tube defects?
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Vitamin A is required for formation of light sensitive compounds in the retina
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Why is night blindness a consequence of vitamin A deficiency?
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Reduces damage to DNA to reduce likelihood of producing a cancer cell
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Why do antioxidants likely reduce cancer risk?
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Calcium
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For which nutrient did we discuss that supplements are a risk because the margin between getting enough and getting too much is so small, in other words getting too much is only about 2-3 times more than what is recommended?
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Vitamin B6
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In order to metabolize the amino acid alanine to maintain blood glucose levels, we need the coenzyme made from
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Thiamin
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A person who overconsumes alcohol is most likely to be deficient in which vitamin?
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Vitamin C
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Which vitamin is important to the production of collagen, a protein found in skin and bone?
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The upper Midwest, like Minnesota
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What area of the country did we say was especially at risk of having poor iodine levels in their soil?
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Vitamin D
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Using tanning beds decreases dietary needs
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Vitamin A
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Yellow-orange fruits and vegetables are an important source
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Calcium
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Absorption is blocked by oxalates
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Vitamin E
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Reacts with free radicals
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Vitamin B6
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Pyridoxine
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Vitamin A
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Retinol
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Vitamin D
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Cholecalciferol
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Vitamin E
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Tocopherol
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Thiamin
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Beriberi
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Vitamin B12
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Pernicious anemia
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Vitamin D
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Rickets
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Riboflavin
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Cracks at angles of mouth
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Fluoride
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Community water supplies
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Vitamin C
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Asparagus/brussel sprouts
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Folic Acid
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Green leafy vegetables
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Iodine
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Seafood
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1. Women - menstruation 2. Vegetarians - do not consume meat 3. Children - milk is a staple
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We discussed four groups that are at risk of iron deficiency. Name three of them, and very briefly describe why each is at risk of iron deficiency.
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Niacin, Thiamin, (Riboflavin)
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Enriched grains always have three vitamins added to them. Name two of the three.
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2,3,1
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Rank the following saturated fatty acids from the one MOST likely to LEAST likely to cause heart disease.
1. Palmitic acid 2. Lauric acid 3. Myristic acid
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Food Guide Pryamid
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Which of the following guidelines, as we discussed in class, is based on the principle of nutrient density?
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Reduce intake of trans fatty acids
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We discussed that there should be a new Healthy Heart Guideline, one area of our diet to be added to the current three recommendations. What is that area of our diet?
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Pasta
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Which of the following is a high glycemic index food, based on the characteristics we went over in class?
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One hour prior to competition
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During which of the following times would your instructor advise an athlete to consume a low glycemic index food?
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53% 9 cal/gram = fat 14x9= 126 / 240 = 53%
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I looked up a doughnut in the food composition table and found the following information: it contains 240 calories and 14 grams of fat. What is the % calories from fat in this food?
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Dark chocolate
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Which of the following foods did we conclude was a rich source of stearic acid in the diet
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1,3,2
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Rank the following food sources from highest cholesterol to lowest cholesterol content.
1. Cream 2. Peanut butter 3. Chicken
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They increase risk of heart disease by increasing LDL-cholesterol when consumed
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What health concern is there regarding partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, as we discussed in class?
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80
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If someone is consuming 2400 calories/day, what is the maximum grams of total fat they could consume and meet Healthy Heart recommendations?
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Margarine
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Which of the following foods is most likely to INCREASE LDL-cholesterol levels?
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A food that raises blood glucose levels similar to consuming glucose
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A high glycemic index is an indication of
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A high glycemic index is an indication of
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Maltodextrose is composed of what monosaccharide units?
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Unable to produce sufficient insulin
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A Type I diabetic would be
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Peanut oil
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Which of the following is highest in monounsaturated fat?
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Is replenished during fasting when liver glycogen is hydrolyzed to glucose that then enters the bloodstream
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Blood glucose in the normal, healthy body
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Remove the % daily value for fat listing
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What recommendation did your instructor think would be a good one to send Michelle Obama to make food labels more information and clear to consumers?
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300
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It is recommended that we consume no more than ___mg cholesterol/day.
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It is much higher in cholesterol than infant formuals
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Which of the following is TRUE about breast milk?
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Linoleic Acid
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Which of the following is an essential nutrient?
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Sucrose
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Which of the following would require digestion before it could be absorbed?
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Oat bran
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Which of the following is a good source of soluble fiber?
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Milk naturally contains lactose, a simple sugar
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Why would milk have simple sugar listen on the food label?
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Butter is high in cholesterol so intake should be limited
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We have discussed some commonly held beliefs that are really misleading or simply wrong. Which of the following is NOT wrong, it is actually TRUE?
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Increase the intake of omega-3 fatty acids
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We recommended to consume more fish to
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It is a coping mechanism
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A core characteristic of all eating disorders is
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Anorexia Nervosa
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One health consequence of an eating disorder is a growth of downy hair on the body, which is most likely seen in someone with
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Women stop menstruating and the lower estrogen causes a drop in bone density
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Someone with anorexia nervosa is likely to have low bone density. Why is that likely?
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Bulimia Nervosa
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Electrolyte (sodium and potassium) imbalances are most likely seen in
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Low self-esteem
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Of the following characteristics, which is common of all eating disorders?
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Anyone can call themselves a nutritionist, with or without a degree, while a dietitian is a title protected by law
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The differences between a nutritionist and a dietitian is
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OU Health Sciences Center
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Where is the only coordinated program (fastest route to registration) in the state of Oklahoma?
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Insulin
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Produced by the pancreases, _________ stimulates the uptake of blood glucose into cells and storage as glycogen.
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Used in a common laxative
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The dried husk of the psyllium seed is
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Amylopectin
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A branched-chain polysaccharide in foods of plant origin composed of glucose units is ________.
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Glucose
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When digestive enzymes break down starch in the mouth, a sweet taste is sensed. This sweet taste can be attributed to
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Gums
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Which of the following compounds would you be able to solubilize in water?
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Linolenic acid
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____________ is an essential omega-3 fatty acid that contains 18 carbons and 3 carbon-carbon double bonds.
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Small intestine
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The primary site of carbohydrate digestion is the __________.
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Brain
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The __________ has the highest cholesterol content in the body.
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Saturated
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A fatty acid with all carbons in the chain linked by single bonds is called
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Fructose
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Sweetest
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Cellulose
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Most abundant in the ecosystem
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Glycogen
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Storage form found in the liver and muscle
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Sucrose
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Most likely to cause tooth decay
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Insoluble Fiber: Lignin Food Source: Wheat, rice, corn
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We listed three compounds that are insoluble fibers found in our diet and discussed some foods that were rich in that type of fiber. Give me ONE compound that is an insoluble fiber and ONE food source for that fiber.
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Reduces risk of colon cancer
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We discussed two health benefits that would be true for both soluble and insoluble fiber. Give me one of them.
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Effect on LDL cholesterol: Increase Effect on HDL cholesterol: No change
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The consumption of SATURATED FATS affects blood cholesterol levels. Describe the effect (increase, decrease, or no change) SATURATED FATS have on LDL and HDL cholesterol levels.
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Sucrose is added to food, so we would consume 0g/day.
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If you were "living off the land" in Norman, Oklahoma, rather than "living off the Homeland," how much sucrose would you likely be consuming? Give your answer in grams of sucrose per day, as discussed in class.
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Sweating Diarrhea Vomiting
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Dehydration
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Water, Sodium, Chloride
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Sweating consists of
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Drink small amounts of cool water frequently
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Recommendations while sweating
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1 pound "A pint's a pound, a world around"
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1 pint of water =
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Hyponitremia
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Low sodium levels in the blood
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Bananas, oranges
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Potassium rich foods
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Diuretics Caffeine, Alcohol
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Reduce rehyration, increase urine production
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Phytochemicals
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Compounds from plants (fruits, vegetables, grains)
Reduce cancer risk Reduce heart disease risk Reduce diabetes
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Functional Foods
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Any healthy or fictional food claimed to have a health-promoting or disease-preventing property beyond the basic function of supplying nutrients.
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Soybeans
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Reduces heart disease risk in both men and women
May reduce caner risk Contains phytoestrogens Cannot consume raw
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Tomatoes
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Lycopene - red pigment
Most powerful antioxidant in our diet Fat Soluble compound
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Broccoli sprouts
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High levels of sulfur
Reduce cancer risks
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Garlic, Onions
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Sulfur containing
Specific compound is Allicin Reduces heart disease risk
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Blueberries, Blackberries
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Rich in antioxidants
Reduce cancer risk
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Herbs
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Plants with medicine value
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Dietary Supplement Act (1990s)
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Less regulation (opposite effect)
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Echinacea
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Most common herb in US
Relieve symptoms of common cold
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Ginger
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Remedy for upset stomach
Helps calm spasms in small intestine
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Chamomile (Tea)
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Mild sedative
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St. John's Wort
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Helps with mild depression
Fen-Phen
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Ginseng
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Improves general well-being
Fake herb = Siberian
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Ginkgo Biloba
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Improves memory - elderly
Dilate blood vessels to increase blood flow to brain
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Guarana
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Plant from South America
Source of caffeine Mild stimulant
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Ma Huang (ephedra or ephedrine)
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Stimulant
Used for weight loss Used as herbogenic aid (enhances athletic performance) Replaced with caffeine People died of heart failure
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Salmonellosis
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Bacterial contamination
Poultry Meat and eggs
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Botulism
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Anaerobic (without oxygen) bacterial contamination
Canned goods Honey
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E Coli Intoxication
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Bacterial contamination
Most common bacteria in the ecosystem Ground beef
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Trichinosis
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Parasite
Attacks skeletal muscle Found in pork
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Food Additives
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G - generally
R - recognized A - s S - safe
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Nitrites, Nitrates
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Added to food supple to protect against Botulism
Not 100% safe, when consumed they are converted to nitrosamines (carcinogens)
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Carcinogens
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Cancer causing (stomach cancer)
Vitamin C blocks the conversion Found in processed meats, including deli
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Delaney Clause
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Banned additives if they were carcinogens
Sweet-n-Low is one of the few exceptions
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Salt
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Causes hypertension
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Dash Diet
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D - dietary
A - approaches S - top H - hypertension Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low fat dairy
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Alcohol
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About 5% of calories consumed in US come from this
1 ounce per day
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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Leading cause of mental retardation
Women consuming alcohol during pregnancy
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Water functions
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Medium of cell
Transport of nutrients to cell and waste products away from cell Dissipation of heat (cool the body)
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Electrolytes
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Minerals
Sodium (Na) Chloride (Cl) Potassium (K) All required nutrients for nerve transmissions
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Intracellular Fluid
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50% potassium
Inside cell
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Extracellular Fluid
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50% Sodium (sodium pump), Chloride
Outside of cell Blood Interstitial fluid - fluid between cells Eyes Cerebral spinal fluid
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HES 2823: EXAM 2