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PSY 255: FINAL EXAM
over half of the total alcohol problems in the US occur to what population of drinkers? |
light and moderate drinkers
|
chronic or heavy drinker4s have higher rates of what? |
problems at higher rates but to fewer people
|
studies have suggested that ads create a strong ___ association with drinking |
positive
|
advertising bans can ___ total alcohol consumption and motor vehicle fatalities |
reduce
|
what % missed class because of binge drinking? |
61%
|
what % forgot where they were or what they did from binge drinking? |
54%
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what % got hurt from binge drinking? |
23%
|
what % engaged in unplanned sex from binge drinking? |
41%
|
what % had unprotected sex from binge drinking? |
22%
|
what % damaged property from binge drinking? |
22%
|
what % got in trouble with police from binge drinking? |
11%
|
what % had 5 or more alcohol-related problems in the school year? |
47%
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what % of US college students drink? |
80%
|
what % of college students engage in heavy episodic drinking? |
40%
|
how many alcohol-related deaths per year? |
1700
|
how many alcohol-related injuries per year? |
500,000
|
what does the traditional approach to health promotion educational awareness approach assume? |
1. misuse of alcohol is due to lack of knowledge or awareness of health risks
2. increasing knowledge of the negative effects will lead to a decrease in use
|
what is the effectiveness of the traditional approach to health promotion education awareness approach? |
little evidence of program effectiveness
|
what are the personal feedback, motivational enhancement, and cognitive-behavioral training approaches? |
individual (or group) feedback to increase alcohol risk reduction skills and or motivation to change drinking
|
what do the personalized feedback (multiple) components include? |
1. personal drinking behavior and negative consequences
2. accurate normative information compared to perceived norms
3. advice/information regarding drinking reduction techniques
4. and skill-training and education/information
|
what are the different ways to deliver feedback to increase alcohol risk reduction? |
1. in person by a counselor
2. by mailed feedback or reports
3. by computer
|
what are 2 examples of health information media campaigns? |
1. social norms theory approach
2. correction misperceptions of normative drinking
|
what is the social norms theory? |
1. norms are generally not explicitly taught or explained
2. our perceptions of the behaviors of our peers are not always accurate
3. our perceived norms become our reality and we adjust our behavior accordingly
|
what is the misperception of actual social norms for drinking? |
students misperceive the alcohol use norms of their peers believing most students drink more than they actually do and that they approve of drinking, more than they really do.
|
what percent of peers underestimated their peers drinks by 3 or more drinks? |
3%
|
what percent of peers underestimated their peers drinks by 1 or 2 more drinks? |
12%
|
what percent of peers had an accurate estimate of their peers drinks? |
14%
|
what percent of peers over-estimated their peers drinks by 1 or 2? |
32%
|
what percent of peers over-estimated their peers drinks by more than 3 drinks? |
39%
|
what percent is the overestimate of peer drinking all together? |
71%
|
risk behavior is characterized by what? |
normative misperceptions and exaggerated beliefs
|
providing students with accurate information through social norms interventions will do what? |
1. correct students' misperceptions of student alcohol use attitudes and behaviors
2. leads to a correction in individual drinking behavior to be more similar to actual (safer) normative drinking behaviors
|
what is the social norms intervention model? |
1. identify actual and misperceived norms
2. intensive exposure to actual norm messages
3. less exaggerated misperceptions of norms
4. less harmful or risky behavior
|
what are the 2 primary outcome uses of a latent variable? (idk what this means) |
1. perceived norms
2. the student's drinking behavior
|
there is empirical evidence that the feedback intervention's effect on reducing misperception of drinking at 3 months completely explains what? |
the intervention related reduction in drinking behaviors at 6 months
|
T/F: social reasons for drinking was associated with reduced group reduced their drinking at 3 months for those in the intervention group |
true
|
T/F: those who with lower social reasons for drinking scores (the control group) did not reduce their drinking at 3 months |
true
|
the social norms intervention may be effective for those students who |
drunk more for social reasons
|
how did the percentage of US adults who are overweight change from 1962-2008? |
with in the ranges of 32-34% little change
|
how did the percentage of US adults who are obese change from 1962-2008 |
from 13%-34% drastic increase
|
currently what percent of US adults are either overweight or obese? |
68%
|
what percent are extremely obese in the US today? |
6% compared to 1% in 1962
|
compared to 1960, the average adult now weighs ___ pounds more and the average teenager weighs ___ pounds more |
24 pounds, 15 pounds
|
at what age do most american gain the most weight? |
25-35 years of age
|
what was the change in overweight children ages 2-5 years from 1960 to 2008? |
5-10%
|
what was the change in overweight children ages 6-11 from 1960-2008? |
4-20%
|
what was the change in overweight children ages 12-19 from 1960-2008? |
5-18%
|
what percent of 6 month olds treated at the UTMB were overweight in 2010? |
16%
|
what percent of obese children have 1 CAD risk factor? |
70%
|
what percent of obese children have 2 or more risk factors for CAD? |
39%
|
what have the medical expenses due to overweight and obesity increased to? |
more than doubled in less than a decade to $147 billion
|
what percent of medical expenses are due to obesity? |
9.1%
|
medical costs for an obese person is what percent more than for a normal weight person? |
42% more
|
what percent of obese men and women report that they are trying to lose weight at any given time? |
men = 28.8%
women = 43.6%
|
how much do american spend per year on diet related products? |
$40-50 billion
|
T/F: american are among the heaviest people in the world |
true
|
BMI |
a rough measurement of body composition
|
advantages to BMI |
- useful in screening general population
- can be used with children
- weight and height estimate for risk for disease
|
disadvantages of BMI |
- fails to differentiate lean body mass from fat
- overestimates body fat in ppl who are muscular
- underestimates body fat in person who has lost muscle mass
|
underweight BMI |
< 18.5
|
normal BMI |
18.5-24.9
|
overweight BMI |
25-29.9
|
class 1 obese BMI |
30-34.9
|
class 2 obese BMI |
35-39.9
|
class 3 obese BMI |
>40
|
how to maintain body weight |
energy consumed = energy expended
|
how to gain weight |
energy consumed > energy expended
|
how to lose weight |
energy consumed < energy expended
|
what are the 3 factors contributing to excess body fat? |
1. genetics
2. energy intake
3. lack of energy expenditure
|
what percent of body weight is determined by genetics? |
25-40%
|
NOTE:!!! |
the tendency to develop obesity may be inherited but the expression of this tendency is affected b environmental influences!!
|
what percent has the daily calorie consumption increased since 1985? |
12% increase
|
in 2001 what was the advertising budget from McDonalds? |
$635 million
|
in 2001 what was the advertising budget from M&Ms? |
$46.8 million
|
what percent does the average family spend on food from eating out? |
40%
|
5 out of every 10 dollars spent on restaurant food in the US is spent on what? |
fast food
|
what percent of children eat fast food on any given day? |
30%
|
how many calories does the 30% of children who eat fast good on any given day consume more than the child who does not eat fast food? |
187 more calories a day
|
how has the soft drink consumption in US changes since the last 1970s? |
doubled for females and tripled for males
|
what percent of sugar in an american diet comes from soft drinks? |
21%
|
what is the highest consumption of soft drinks in the US? |
males aged 12-29 drink a 1/2 gallon per day, and 160 gallons per year
|
the average child watches how many TV ads for food each year? |
10,000
|
in 1999 americans spent $3 billion on what? |
958 million pounds of potato chips
|
what is the portion distortion for burgers from 20 years ago to now? |
257 more calories
|
what is the potion distortion for pizza from 20 years ago to now? |
350 more calories
|
what is the portion distortion for pasta from 20 years ago to now? |
525 more calories
|
what is the portion distortion for soda from 20 years ago to now? |
165 more calories
|
what is the portion distortion for a muffin from 20 years ago and now? |
290 calories more
|
what is the portion distortion for popcorn from 20 years ago to now? |
360 more calories
|
what percent of trips less than a mile are taken by car? |
75%
|
reasons to not go on a diet? |
1. you will probs go off of it
2. many are low in essential nutrients
3. some are dangerous
4. may cause RMR to decrease
|
for weight loss what is recommended for exercise? |
45-60 min/day, 5-7 days per week
|
how many minutes a week is recommended to maintain weight? |
200-300 mins/week
|
how to lose weight through behavior modification |
- frequent monitoring
- eat only at the table
- don't shop when you are hungry
- take the stairs
- don't have risky food in house
- reminders
|
what are the three main ingredients of a weight management program? |
1. proper nutritional habits
2. exercise
3. behavior modification
|
what is the recommended weight loss? |
0.5-2 pounds per week
|
why does excess weight loss often occur during the first stages of a weight reduction program? |
due to water loss
|
what is an achievable, and realistic goal for sedentary individuals starting a weight loss program? |
1 pound per week
|
how should one lose 1 pound a week? |
increase caloric expenditure 250 kcals/day and decrease caloric intake by 250 kcals/day,
500 kcals/day X 7 = 3500 kcals/week
|
the most effective weight loss interventions result in a loss of what percent of initial body weight? |
10%
|
what is the modular approach to multiple behavior change?
|
individually assess and intervene on more than one health behavior (one behavior at a time)
|
what is the integrated approach to multiple behavior change? |
one unifying theme ties health behaviors together throughout the intervention; outcomes are assessed both one behavior at a time and on total number of risk behaviors
|
what are the 3 behaviors of the integrated approach to multiple behavior change? |
1. increasing physical activity
2. increasing intake of fruits and vegies
3. limiting TV time
|
what is the integrated multiple behavior change for preventing obesity? |
- early prevention on population-bases is key
- healthy lifestyle messages are important for everyone
|
what is the goal of preventing obesity with the integrated multiple behavior change? |
to help all youth either adopt or maintain healthier energy balance behaviors
|
what does the integrated multiple behavior change for preventing obesity offer? |
stage-matched guidance and tailoring based on theoretical constructs that increase relevance and acceptiability
|
what are the strength os the health in motion intervention? |
1. computer-delivered multimedia obesity prevention program for adolescents
2. good foundation of formative research
3. promotes multiple behaviors associated with weight management
4. theory-based
5. population-based
6. delivers assessments and tailored feedback messages
7. delivered in a range of diff school classroom setting
8. designed for ease of dessemination
|
what is the target behavior for physical activity? |
getting at least 60 minutes of activity on 5 or more days of the week
|
what is the target behavior for fruit and vegetable consumption? |
eating 5 or more servings each day
|
what is the target behavior for limiting TV time? |
watching 2 hours or less of TV each day
|
what type of tailored feedback messages is used for physical activity? |
full tailoring, feedback on all TTM variables relevant to their stage
|
what type of tailored feedback messages is used for fruit and vegetable, and tv time? |
moderate tailoring
|
what type of tailored feedback is also used for fruit and vegetable and tv time? |
stage-based feedback, stage feedback only
|
what percent of students were in the at-risk (pre-action stage) for physical activity? |
60%
|
what percent of students were in the at-risk (pre-action stage) for fruit and vegetable consumption? |
82.2%
|
what percent of students were in the at-risk (pre-action stage) for TV time? |
51.4%
|
what are the impacts of multiple behavior impact? |
1. co-action
2. change on total number of multiple risk behaviors
3. risk reduction
|
co-action |
increased likelihood of success in changing a second behavior given change in the first
|
what is the difference between co-action, singular action, and co-regression? |
coaction: success on both behaviors
singular action: success on one, but failure on other
co-regression: failure on both behaviors
|
on average treatment groups shows how much more co-action compared to the control group? |
3.5 times more
|
what do clinical-based interventions wait for? |
wait for participants to seek them out
|
who do clinical-based interventions work well will? |
symptomatic individuals
|
what doe population-based interventions do? |
reach out to potential participants
|
interventions should be evaluated for impact on |
populations
|
what are the 2 broad categories of interventions? |
1. clinical
2. population
|
impact (population based approach) = |
participation rate X efficacy
|
reactive recruitment (clinic) |
advertise availability of services, accept volumteers
|
proactive recruitment (population) |
contact individuals directly, offer services to them
|
reactive recruitment rates (clinical) |
2-5% of available population
|
proactive recruitment rates (population) |
50-90% of available population
|
reactive recruitment (clinical) samples are dispropotionately |
female, higher education, later stages
|
proactive recruitment (population) samples look like |
general population
|
computer-based interventions |
have been demonstrated to be effective in multiple meta-analyses for health behavior change
|
the probability of effectiveness increases for computer-based interventions if |
1. intervention is theory-based
2. intervention employs empirical evidence for decision making
|
what has been a major problem for computer-based interventions? |
participation and retention has been a major problem
|
sequential tailoring |
begin with variable with largest effect size then next highest effect size
|
empirical data provides evidence about what? |
which variables are important for successful change
|
for TTM interventions, big effects = |
stage of change, decisional balance, self-efficacy, and processes of change
|
theoretical models provide what? |
structure |
T/F: demographic variables are unlikely to produce effective interventions |
true
|
reactivity to measurement refers to |
the phenomenon of measurement processes actually producing change in what is measured
|
how can reactivity to measurement influence behavior? |
1. act as a change agent
2. create evaluation
3. create response sets
|
reducing measurement reactivity use observation procedures that involve |
little or no alteration of environmental stimuli, and which minimize evaluation apprehension
|
what are examples of less reactive observations technologies? |
1. mounted video cameras/microphones
2. ambulatory physiological monitors
3. micro-computers for coding behavior, tailoring tests, conducting interviews
|
active telemetrics |
gather self-reported cognitive and affective information using handheld devices such as personal digital assistants or mobile phones
|
passive telemetrics |
wearable and ubiquitous computers record behavioral, physiological, and environmental data automatically from sensors worn on the body or embedded in the environment |