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ISS 210: FINAL EXAM
Emic
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Insider's perspective; attempting to show what a culture is like from the inside
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Imposed Etic
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A researcher makes general statements about human functioning across communities based on imposing a culturally inappropriate understanding. The ideas/procedures are not adapted for the community they're studying.
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Derived Etic
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Adapts ways of questioning, observing, and interpreting to fit the perspective of the participants
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Holophrastic Speech
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Language development at 18 months
One word utterances like the word "milk"
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Two-Word Phrases
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"Want milk!"
Children use their own form of grammar
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Communities
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Have common organization and practices.
The members do things together, support each other, adapt together.
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Demographic Transition Model
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Shows how population changes over time
Studies how birth rates + death rates affect the population of a country
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Resignation vs. Maternal
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Many cultures resign/give up on their kids, while other cultures celebrate being a mother (maternal).
In Brazilian favelas, it is common for a mother to neglect a child she thinks is not likely to survive.
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Age Grade Segregation
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Isolates children from the older generation
Adds to competition
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Child Labor Laws
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Child help in the home decreased because of _________ and the requirement for kids to go to school
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Rights of Passage
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Rituals that assists individuals in their transitionfrom one status in society to another
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Stages of Rites of Passage (3)
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1) Separation
2) Liminal Period
3) Re-aggregation
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The separation stage
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Physically separated from the familiar and symbolically separated by clothes and/or actions
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The Liminal Period
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"Standing in the doorway"; Re-learning initiates, stripping away old identities and introducing new ones.
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Re-aggregation
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Reintroduced in society in new status; social recognition of new status
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The separation stage
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Physically separated from the familiar and symbolically separated by clothes and/or actions
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The Liminal Period
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"Standing in the doorway"; Re-learning initiates, stripping away old identities and introducing new ones.
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Re-aggregation
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Reintroduced in society in new status; social recognition of new status
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The separation stage
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Physically separated from the familiar and symbolically separated by clothes and/or actions
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The Liminal Period
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"Standing in the doorway"; Re-learning initiates, stripping away old identities and introducing new ones.
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Re-aggregation
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Reintroduced in society in new status; social recognition of new status
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Give an example of people going through the stages of "The Rights of Passage"
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The Mbuti Pygimes' Nkumbe
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Adolescence Family Dynamics
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Can create role conflict; at home they are treated like an adult, at school they are treated like a child
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Apache Stories
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How gossiping works; make you think about yourself
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"Injured Pig" Story
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Neighborhood boys injure a pig; the adult who witnessed and testified against them was punished for being an adult and not intervening
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Intelligence Tests
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Brought together by the army; made to keep out immigrants.
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H.H. Goddard
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Created the word "moron"
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Navajo Toilet
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The navajo people find it disgusting that American people use the toilet in their house
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Strange Situation
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Reaction of a child when they're separated from caregivers
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3 Types of Reactions in a Strange Situation Separation
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1) Secure Attachment
2) Anxious Resistant
3) Anxious Avoidant
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Secure Attachment
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Child explores room and acts friendly before separation, show mild wariness during separation, and are comforted and do not show anger when reunited with caregiver
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Anxious Resistance
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Child shows distress when left and not easily soothed when reunited but seeks contact
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Anxious Avoidant
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Shows low distress when left and doesn't seek contact when caregiver returns
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Teasing |
Teaches children appropriate emotional responses to challenging situations; indirect means of everyday criticism
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Taxonomics
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To categorize things into groups; assumed common set of features. A sign of intelligence.
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Functional Categories
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Sign of a lack of schooling; when you categorize things according to tasks. For example: a potato and a carver; to carve potatoes.
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Implicit Intelligence
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What went into building it in the first place
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Explicit Intelligence
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How do you use it? How do you make it work?
Directly taught
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Coming of Age in Samoa
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Teens in Samoa do not have the issues between mother and daughter that they seem to have here
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Maturity |
Girls are more nurturing, boys more aggressive
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Maturity in Mexico
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Eudcado - attaining a sense of moral and personalresponsibility and respect for diginity of others that serves as the foundationfor all other learning
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Maturity in Zambia
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Nzelu - wisdom, cleverness and responsibility tobe used in a socially productive way an never for selfish purposes
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Maturity off the Ivory Coast
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O Ti Kpa - performance of tasks for the familieswelfare
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Maturity in the U.S.
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Problem-solving and verbal ability; but laypeopleinclude social competence, the ability to admit mistakes, having a socialconscious and thinking before speaking and doing.
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Curves (in schooling)
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Forces competition; invented by Max Meyer ('08)
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Voluntary Minority
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People who freely come to a country in the hopes of opportunity and an increased living standard.
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Involuntary Minority
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Forced to come to America
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Parental: Mexican vs. American
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Describes the conflict that arises when a parent wants a child to do something dealing with the old heritage but the child doesnt want to because they are adjusting to american life.
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One Child Policy
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Describes China's government policy; introduced in the 1970s. Strict use of birth control and abortion.
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Authoritarian Parenting Style
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A parenting style tending to use punitive control methods and lacking emotional warmth.
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Authoritative Parenting
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Blends respect for a child's individuality with an effort to instill social values
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Authoritative Parenting
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Blends respect for a child's individuality with an effort to instill social values
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Permissive Parenting Style
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Parents submit to their children's desires; they make few demands and use little punishment
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Schemata |
Internalized representation of external world
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Piaget's Schemata
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Perceptual Invariant Thought (0 to 2 years)
Pre-operational Intuitive Thought (2 to 7 years)
Concrete Operational Thought (7 to 11 years)
Formal Propositional Thought (11 years and older)
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Perceptual Invariant Thought
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"Sensori motor stage"; Internalizing representation of objects based ondirect sensory qualities and manipulative responses (push something off table, object to mouth)
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Preoperational Intuitive Thought
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Canmake intuitive judgments but can only focus on one thing at a time; "which glass can take more"
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Concrete Operational Thought
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Able of reverse thinking - able to back track to the start; a child can combine two ideas
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Formal Operational
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Capable of thinking in purely logicalpropositions. Dealing with second order symbol systems
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Decentration
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Ability to focus on more than one feature of a problem simultaneously; imagining the world from someone else's eyes
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Egocentric |
Selfish, centered on one's own needs
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Reversible Thinking
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The ability to mentally track back to the start
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Complementary |
Playing house with other people
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Role |
Playing house on your own
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Games
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Helps to motivate learning in children; use mock excitement to motivate learning and gain the ability to anticipate what's going to happen
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Post-modernism
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Everyone views their community differently so it makes having one consistent viewpoint difficult.
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Rosie the Riveter
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Female icon of the working woman
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Sleeping Independently
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USbelief that nighttime separation is essential to developing sense ofindependence and makes daytime separation easier; infants have their own rooms - only common int he US
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Social Addresses
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Categories, such as race, ethnicity andsocioeconomic class; useful in how people categorize themselves, but problematic to equate these with culture
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Social Referencing
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Mutual understanding occurs between people ininteraction, it cannot be attributed to one person or another; Adults elaborating on holophrastic speech helps babies to expand their speech
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Ontogenetic Development
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Occurs in the time frame of the individual lifespan providing the time frame for the following levels of development
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Phylogenetic Development
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Genes changing over millennia
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Cultural-historical Development
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The cultural legacy of symbolic and materialtechnologies (literacy, number systems, computers) changing over across decadesand centuries
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Micro-genetic Development
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The moment to moment learning of individuals inparticular contexts
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