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COM 225: FINAL EXAM
Advertising |
a form of marketing communication used to promote or sell something, usually a business's product or service
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Agenda Setting |
The ability of the news media to influence and persuade public agenda
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Aesthetic Motivation |
emotions that are felt during aesthetic activity and/or appreciation. These emotions may be of the everyday variety (such as fear, wonder or sympathy) or may be specific to aesthetic contexts
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Aggression |
Hostile or violent behavior/ attitudes toward another, readiness to attack or confront
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Assult |
In common law, assault is harmful or offensive contact with a person. An assault is carried out by a threat of bodily harm coupled with an apparent, present ability to cause the harm
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Amateur Athlete |
a person who engages in a study, sport, or other activity for pleasure rather than for financial benefit or professional reasons, an athlete who has never competed for payment or for a monetary prize
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Audience Building |
Strategy to interest viewers in future sporting events
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Authority |
Derived from government or organization
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ABC Wise World of Sports |
an American sports anthology television program that aired on the American Broadcasting Company from April 29, 1961 to January 3, 1998, primarily on Saturday afternoons
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Brand Journalism |
marketing using the approach of promotion of the brand with the eyes, insight and delivery of a reporter
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Benoit's Image Repair |
Outline strategies that can be employed to mitigate damage to image in an event where reputation has been damaged.
STEPS: Denial, Evasion of responsibility, reducing offensiveness, mortification, corrective action
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Brand Positioning Statement |
brings focus to the development of a marketing strategy and the marketing plan and tactics supporting that strategy
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Body Policing |
the informal practice of policing one's physical appearance because it does not conform to social norms, or is not deemed appropriate for a particular setting
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Convergence |
The merging of previously distinct media forms and entities through digitialzation
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Cultural Hegemony |
the domination of a culturally diverse society by the ruling class, who manipulate the culture of that society — the beliefs, explanations, perceptions, values, and mores — so that their ruling-class worldview becomes the worldview that is imposed and accepted as the cultural norm
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Corrective Action |
Improvements to an organization's processes taken to eliminate causes of non-conformities or other undesirable situations
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Corporate Convergence |
Fewer large companies own more media properties (Disney owns ESPN and ABC)
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Cognitive Motivation |
Behavior is directed as a result of the active processing and interpretation of information
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Collective Bargaining |
negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by an organized body of employees
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Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) |
is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain found in athletes (and others) with a history of repetitive brain trauma, including symptomatic concussions as well as asymptomatic sub-concussive hits to the head
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Commercialization |
the process of introducing a new product or production method into commerce—making it available on the market
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Clustering |
athletes in certain sports are overrepresented in specific courses and majors
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Diffusion of Innovation |
A theory that seeks to explain how, why and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures
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Disposition Theory |
states that media and entertainment users make moral judgments about characters in a narrative which in turn affects their enjoyment of the narrative
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Decoding |
the consumer then interprets the representation, applying his or her own filters
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Defamation |
the action of damaging the good reputation of someone, slander or libel
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De Jure Segregation |
Seperation enforced by law
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De Facto Segregation |
Un-written segregation, based on personal preferences and beliefs.
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Descriptive norm |
based on what people actually do; or in simpler terms, a descriptive norm is based on your perception of the behavior of the people around you
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Dichotomy (Active/Passive) |
traditional sex stereotype; male= active, female= passive
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Encoding |
the media mediates the event, providing consumes with a representation of what occurred
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Earned Media |
refers to publicity gained through promotional efforts other than advertising, as opposed to paid media, which refers to publicity gained through advertising
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Endorsements |
an act of giving one's public approval or support to someone or something
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Eustress |
beneficial stress - either psychological, physical (e.g. exercise) or biochemical/radiological
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Ethnicity |
the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition
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Framing |
comprises a set of concepts and theoretical perspectives on how individuals, groups, and societies organize, perceive, and communicate about reality
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Fragmentation |
a trend toward increasing choice and consumption of media products through different channels
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Female Apologetic |
athletes self-present characteristics that conform to traditional roles and views of women
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Ghostwriter |
A person whose job it is to write material for someone else who is the named author
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Gender and violence |
more seen in male dominated sports. Men show masculinity through violence and sports
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Gender ideology |
set of attitudes and beliefs about the proper roles of women and men in the family or society, which could be considered in a continuum ranging from egalitarian to traditional values
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Gender and bicycles |
Susan B. Anthony: bicycling had done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world
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Gender Testing |
The issue of verifying the eligibility of an athlete to compete in a sporting event limited to a single gender.
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Gender Marking |
Examples: PoliceMAN, fireMAN, stewardess
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Heuristics |
Brands have slogans, logos, colors, that all combined to form their heuristics
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Hyperbole |
exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally
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Hegemony |
leadership or dominance , especially by one country or social group over others.
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in Group Affiliation |
an exclusive, typically small group of people with a shared interest or identity
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In group Bias |
Refers to a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out of group member
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Income Inequality |
refers to the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population
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Infantilization |
to keep in or reduce to an infantile state; to treat or regard as infantile or immature
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Intersectionality |
the study of overlapping or intersecting social identities and related systems of oppression, domination or discrimination
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Injunctive Norms |
People's perception on how society should behave
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Jargon |
special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand
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Kinetograph |
used celluloid film, invented by George Eastman in 1889. In February 1893, Edison built a small movie studio that could be rotated to capture the best available sunlight
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licensing |
authorize the use, performance, or release of (something)
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Libel |
a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation; a written defamation
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Media Bias |
perceived bias of journalists and news producers within the mass media in the selection of events and stories that are reported and how they are covered
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Modernism |
- a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
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Marketing |
the action or business of promoting and selling products or services, including market research and advertising
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Promotional Marketing |
the use of any special offer intended to raise a customer's interest and influence a purchase, and to make a particular product or company stand out among its competitors
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Product Based Marketing |
process of promoting and selling a product to an audience
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Target Marketing |
a group of customers a business has decided to aim its marketing efforts and ultimately its merchandise towards
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Relationship Marketing |
focuses on customer loyalty and long-term customer engagement rather than shorter-term goals like customer acquisition and individual sales
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Meritocracy |
power should be vested in individuals almost exclusively according to merit; advancement in such a system is based on performance measured through examination and/or demonstrated achievement in the field where it is implemented
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Moral Panic |
a feeling of fear spread among a large number of people that some evil threatens the well-being of society
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Monopsony |
a market situation in which there is only one buyer
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Monopoly |
the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service
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Model Minority |
a minority group (whether based on ethnicity, race or religion) whose members are most often perceived to achieve a higher degree of socioeconomic success than the population average
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Masculine Hegemony |
proposed practices that promote the dominant social position of men, and the subordinate social position of women
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Manufacturing Consent |
the practice of controlling or manipulating the norms, values etc. held by an audience by controlling what they are exposed to in the media
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Media and Commercialization |
media increases consumers' access to sports, and allows newcomers to learn about a sport without paying for expensive tickets to games
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Monday Night Football |
a live television broadcast of weekly NFL games on ESPN in the US. From 1970 to 2005, it aired on sister broadcast network ABC. Monday Night Football was one of the longest-running prime time program ever on commercial network television, and one of the highest-rated, particularly among male viewers
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News Media |
those elements of the mass media that focus on delivering news to the general public or a target public
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Naming RIghts |
a financial transaction and form of advertising whereby a corporation or other entity purchases the right to name a facility or event, typically for a defined period of time
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Normalization of Violence |
actions or ideas come to be common in today's sports
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NCAA |
National Collegiate Athletic Association: is a nonprofit with revenues of approximately $1 billion annually. it is a separate entity from the individual athletic departments at schools
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Objectivity |
the state or quality of being true even outside of a subject's individual biases, interpretations, feelings, and imaginings
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Ombudsman |
an official appointed to investigate individuals' complaints against maladministration, especially that of public authorities
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Public Relations |
the practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) and the public
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Press Release |
an official statement issued to newspapers giving information on a particular matter
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Public Agentry |
staging media events to attract public attention
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Power |
Derived from ability to influence people and achieve goals
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Pac 12 |
Signed contracts with ESPN and Fox worth 3 billion 20.83 million per school
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Quest for Excitement |
sports viewing provides opportunity to experience tension-excitement that is often missing in highly regimented societies
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Realism |
the attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly
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Race |
a group of people identified as distinct from other groups because of supposed physical or genetic traits shared by the group
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Reformed Apologetic |
women who present assertiveness, toughness in competition but also communicate femininity through clothing, accessories, and media presentations
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Radio |
Marconi gained a patent on the system in 1896 and developed it into a commercial communication system over the next few years
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Self-Serving Bias |
people's tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors
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Selective Exposure |
refers to individuals' tendency to favor information which reinforces their pre-existing views while avoiding contradictory information
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Sensationalism |
the use of exciting or shocking stories or language at the expense of accuracy, in order to provoke public interest or excitement
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SPJ Code of Ethics |
a statement of abiding principles supported by explanations and position papers that address changing journalistic practices
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Social Class |
a division of a society based on social and economic status
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Social Mobility |
movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between layers or tiers in an open system of social stratification
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Sports Diplomacy |
the use of sport as a means to influence diplomatic, social, and political relations
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Sexualization |
to make something sexual in character or quality, or to become aware of sexuality, especially in relation to men and women
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Social Comparison Theory |
states that we determine our own social and personal worth based on how we stack up against others
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Social Learning Theory |
posits that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement
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Social Construction |
Theory of knowledge in sociology and communication theory that examines the development of jointly constructed understandings of the world
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Sex |
either of the two main categories (male and female) into which humans and many other living things are divided on the basis of their reproductive functions
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Syndication |
the process by which news media distribute content to other outlets, selling licenses to reprint or republish content
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Tipping Point |
the point at which a series of small changes or incidents becomes significant enough to cause a larger, more important change
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Telegraph |
the long-distance transmission of textual or symbolic (as opposed to verbal or audio) messages without the physical exchange of an object bearing the message
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United States Football League (USFL) |
an American football league that played for three seasons, 1983 through 1985
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Arthur Ashe |
an American World No. 1 professional tennis player; won three Grand Slam titles, ranking him among the best tennis players from the United States, Arthur Ashe courage award
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Buzz Bissinger |
An American Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and author, best known for his non-fiction book Friday Night Lights
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Babe Didrikson |
Female American athlete who achieved most success in golf, basketball and track and field. Did not conform to gender norms
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Branch Rickey |
known for breaking Major League Baseball's color barrier by signing African American player Jackie Robinson, for drafting the first Afro-Hispanic superstar, Roberto Clemente, for creating the framework for the modern minor league farm system, for encouraging the Major Leagues to add new teams through his involvement in the proposed Continental League, and for introducing the batting helmet
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Dr Bennet Omalu |
a Nigerian forensic pathologist, who was the first to publish findings of (CTE) in American football players
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Caster Semenya |
Female sprinter that got sent to testing after the 2009 World championships
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Don Meredith |
an American football quarterback dallas cowboys, sports commentator and actor
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Dick Vitale |
an American basketball sportscaster; a former head coach in the college and professional ranks
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Elsa Von Blumen |
a competitive cyclist in the 1880s, an era when the bicycle was just beginning to capture America's attention
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Frank Gifford |
One of the first Players to go from the field to NFL broadcast booth
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Graham McNamee |
an American radio broadcaster, the medium's most recognized national personality in its first international decade
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Gay Talese |
As a writer for The New York Times and Esquire magazine in the 1960s, he helped to define literary journalism. His most famous articles are about Joe DiMaggio and Frank Sinatra
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Grantland Rice |
an early 20th-century American sportswriter known for his elegant prose "The Four Horsemen"
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Henry Chadwick |
"Father of baseball" Creaetd box scores
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Howard Cosell |
an American sports journalist who was widely known for his blustery, cocksure personality, he entered sports broadcasting in the mid-1950s,
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Happy Chandler |
US senator that was named the second commissioner of the MLB
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Jackie Robinson |
an American Major League Baseball second baseman who became the first African American to play in the major leagues in the modern era
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Jesse Owens |
Won four gold medals in front on Hitler
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Jack Johnson |
First Black Heavyweight boxer during Jim Crow Era
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Joe Louis |
Black Heavy Weight boxer during 1937-1949
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Jemele Hill |
Black ESPN reporter on First take
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Keith Jackson |
a retired American sportscaster, known for his career with ABC Sports, his coverage of college football, his style of folksy, down-to-earth commentary, and his distinctive voice, WSU grad
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Kennesaw Mountain Landis |
First Commissioner of Baseball from 1920 until his death in 1944
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Lesley Visser |
Only Women in the Pro Football HOF
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Lisa Olson |
Reported that she was sexually harassed in patriots locker room and she sued and won
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Mike Webster |
Steelers center who died at age of 50, started the CTE debate and player safety issues
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Max Schilling |
a German boxer who was heavyweight champion of the world between 1930 and 1932, fought Joe Louis
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Mary Carillo |
an American sportscaster and former professional tennis player. She is a reporter for NBC Sports and NBC Olympics
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Melissa Ludtke |
Responsible for giving women reporter's equal rights in the locker room
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Cassius Clay |
Changed his name to Muhammad Ali after deep religion values
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Rhonda Glenn |
First Female Sports Center anchor
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Sam Lacy |
Pushed for the integration of baseball through journalism
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Toni Stone |
First Black female to play in the Negro baseball league
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Wendell Smith |
Pushed for the integration of baseball through journalism
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Title IX |
comprehensive federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity
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Let them Wear Towels |
a history and examination of females working in the man's world of the locker room.
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League of Denial |
initially broadcast as a documentary film, about traumatic brain injury in the National Football League, particularly concussions and chronic traumatic encephalopathy
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1968 Olympics |
Protest by African American Athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos DUring medal ceremony
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1936 Olympics |
Germany under the Power of Adolf Hitler hosted winter and summer games
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1972 Olympics |
Palestinian attack on Israeli athletes
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The Football War |
El Salvador vs. Hondorous played in world cup and riots persued after
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Frontline and ESPN |
ESPN requested no longer use the logos after league of denial film hurt reputation of NFL
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Melissa Ludtke and Time, Inc., Plaintiffs, v. Bowie Kuhn, Commissioner of Baseball |
Allowed the female reporters in the men's locker room
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New Journalism |
developed in the 1960s and '70s, which used literary techniques deemed unconventional at the time. Subjective perspective
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