77 Cards in this Set
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individual body
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Mind and body are two separate things
Harmonious Wholes : Everything is connected from the cosmos to the microcosm
Complementary Dualities : each part is working together to make things happen; Yin and Yang
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social body
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Referring to the representational uses of the body as a natural symbol with which to think about nature, society, and culture
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body politic
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Referring to the regulation, surveillance, and control of bodies (individual and collective) in reproduction and sexuality, in work and in leisure, in sickness and other form of deviance and human difference
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What role does emotion play in the construction of the Three
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● Emotions can “bridge the individual body, the social body, and the body politic”.
● Emotions affect the way in which body, pain, and illness are experienced
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Onanism
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18th century European and American biomedicine believed this was a disease responsible for epilepsy, blindness, vertigo, loss of hearing, headaches, impotency, memory loss, rickets and irregular heartbeat caused by masturbation
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Drapetomania
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Dr. Samuel Cartwright coined this term in New Orleans to describe the disease of the mind that induces negro slaves to run away from their owners.
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What were the two prominent non-Western medical systems depicted in George M. Foster’s article on the variation in ethnomedicine?
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Personalistic- misfortune and disease can be derived back to illness, religion and mag
Naturalistic- lacks much supernatural power, including religion and magic, and correlates healers power mainly to therapeutics
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examples of naturalistic ethnomedicine
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it is the person’s full responsibility to avoid negative things and pursue positive things in the aspect of keeping good health, i.e., wash your hands, don’t smoke
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the three levels of causality defined by personalistic etiologies
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Instrumental cause- what has been done to the patient or what I need
Efficient cause- who or what has done it to the patient
Ultimate cause- why did this happen to me at this time?
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How do diagnoses differ in personalistic and Naturalistic medical systems
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Personalistic evil forces cause of illness in retaliation of wrong doings by the victim, or spiritual failings.
closely tied with natural environment. Diet, hot and cold balances, taking care of your body. Who is taking responsibility?
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Transcendental medicine
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the practice of entering another realm to talk with spirits or gods about the illness or problem
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What is N/um Tchai? How does it work
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N/um Tchai is the ritual or “medicine dance” that occurs during transcendental medicine.
.The power is called n/um and resides in the flanks of the abdomen.
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What is the scientific support for practitioners of N/um Tchai having the ability to enter into a trance like state?
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● the neocortex, limbic system, and brain stem are all involved in the trance.
● “Because of the trance’s superficial resemblance to a seizure and, more important, because of the powerful shifts in emotion,
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How does CMA view transcendental medication?
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● Too soon to conclude that !Kung healing “works”
● Deeply insightful system of psychology
● Skeptical but respected
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How does therapeutic touch heal?
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Touch has a measurable effect and appears to act directly through The neuroendocrine mechanisms serve as intermediates between mind and body.
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What is symbol analysis
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Way to express and reaffirm the fundamental belief systems that a society holds
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In what location did the white coat first originate?
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the operating room ; 1889 Massachusetts General Hospital
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What developments occurred in the medical field between the 1930s and the 1960s with regard to doctors’ use of a white coat?
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Adoption of blue or green garb in operating rooms when high intensity lighting made the glare from white drapes unbearable
Pediatricians and psychiatrists tended to wear pastel coats or normal street clothes avoid overwhelming their patients
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Who is the father of modern anthropology ?
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Claude LeviStrauss
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What are the three keys to magic
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1.) The sorcerer must believe in the effectiveness of his techniques
2.) The patient or victim must believe in the sorcerer’s power
3.) The faith and expectations of the group constantly act as a gravitational field in which relationship between the sorcerer and bewitched is located
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Who is Quesalid?
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an indian who seeked to expose a shaman but later used what he learned.
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What is shamanistic complex?
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1.) The shaman himself undergoes specific states of psychosomatic nature
2.) The sick person either does or does not experience an improvement of his condition
3.) The public who provide enthusiasm as well as intellectual and emotional satisfaction and collective support
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placebo effect?
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the patient believes that a fake treatment is improving his condition.
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nocebo effect
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when the patient’s negative expectations result in negative effects
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What does ‘placebo’ stand for
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having no effect
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Is spiritualism a healing system or a religion
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both a dissident religious movement and a health care delivery system
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What did Finkler observe in his study of spiritualism?
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Patients seeking help from Spiritualists usually did so after unsuccessful treatment by several physicians
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How does spiritualism heal a patient?
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Minister the sick through spirit protectors. Healers tame spirits that roam about the earth and harness them from good. Other techniques used include ritual cleansing, massages, purgatives, baths, and spiritual surgeries.
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How do spiritual healing and biomedicine view the body?
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Biomedicine and Spiritual healing both focus on mind body dualism. Spiritualists clearly distinguish between the material and spiritual disturbances in the same way that physicians distinguish between organic and psychological illness
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symptomatology
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Characteristic symptoms associated with a medical diagnosis
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somatization
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The generation of physical symptoms due to a psychiatric condition.
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acute psychosis
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a brief reactive psychosis closely associated with a serious stressful life event in a person without premorbid pathology
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susto
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soul loss
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Who does susto affect
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Everyone has equal susceptibility
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What is the cause of susto?
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It is the result of a very Stressful situation or traumatic experience
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What is the worldwide prevalence of leprosy
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about 10 million cases
India has the highest incidence of leprosy
Has been mostly eliminated in the US
Only 1/5 of those diagnosed are being treated
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Where are most cases of leprosy found
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Tropical Asia
Africa
India
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What is the cause of leprosy
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Mycobacterium
leprae
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symptoms, treatment and transmission of Leprosy.
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air, open wounds
skin lesions, nerve damage
no cure, drugs
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strategic suffering
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the patient’s use of their disease as a tool of empowerment
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How did disease empower Isabella
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she was able to reject her husband’s sexual advances and avoid being labeled a “bad wife.”
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disruption
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chronic illness does not allow a person to go on living in an undisputed, familiar world.
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What makes up the timeline of strategic suffering
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disruption
reorganization
reconstruction
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What are secondary gains of chronic illness?
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The interpersonal advantages that result when one has the symptom of a physical disease, including such things as increased attention from family members, financial gain, and release from work or other social obligations.
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Robert Murphy
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author of The damaged self
developed slow growing tumor in spinal cord and became a wheelchair bound quadriplegic
columbia university
Radical loss of self-esteem
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existential anger
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A persuasive bitterness to one’s fate
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situational anger
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A reaction to frustration or to perceived poor treatment
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Freud
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motivation and thought reflections of needs of the body, mind also used its capacities to reach out and encompass the body
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Merleau-Ponty
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the starting point for our construction of the world is the body
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De Beauvoir
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the body is not a thing, a separate entity. Body is a set of relationships that link the outer world and the mind into a system
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phantom limb
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The amputee’s illusion that he still possesses the missing arm or leg
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medical problems associated with obesity?
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cancer
diabetes
stroke
gout
high blood pressure
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Two major issues about obesity
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Individual issues- health problems, both fat stores studied over time, disease susceptibility, and problems with everyday life.
societal issues views of fatness. Developed and modern societies view fatness as unhealthy, underdeveloped and prehistoric societies view fatness as well taken …
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Obesity and Gender
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Higher levels of fatness and risk of obesity in females represents a fundamental aspect of sexual dimorphism, the difference in appearance between males and females of the same species
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Obesity and Modernization
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Modernization = process in which traditional, less developed societies acquire characteristics of more developed (Western) societies
● Obesity is rare in unacculturated primitive populations
● Obesity is arguably the first disease of a modernizing society
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Obesity and Social Class
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The prevalence of obesity is related to social class, usually positively; but among females in affluent societies, the relationship is inverted
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sociocultural malnutrition
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term coined by Gokulanathan and Venghese, referring to growth failure in children due to factors other than poverty and lack of availability to food resources.
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oral rehydration therapy
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mixture of water, salt, sugar, and other minerals; can prevent millions of deaths caused by diarrheal disease
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Empacho
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painful condition of the gut followed by diarrhea, vomiting, and flatulence
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ojo
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evil eye
produces high fever and often a sign was lack of symmetry in the eyes; caused by penetrant rays
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Caida de mollera
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infant’s palate is not fully developed, causing the tissue under the fontanelles to fall; caused by improper maternal handling of an infant
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Lombrices (worms)
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wonder through the body; patients experience stomach pain, diarrhea, and lack of sleep
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cultural competency
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A set of behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together as a system.
suggests culture can be reduced to a technical skill
a series of “do’s and don’ts” that define how to treat a patient of a given ethnic background.
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ethnography vs. cultural competency
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Ethnography avoids the “trait list approach” that understands culture as a set of already known facts such as “Chinese eat pork, Jews don’t”. Ethnography emphasizes engagement with others and with the practices that people undertake in their local worlds
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six steps of culture formation
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1. Ethnic Identity
2. What is at Stake?
3. The illness narrative
4. Psychosocial stresses and social supports
5. Influence of Culture on Clinical Relationship
6. Problems of a cultural competency approach
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explanatory model
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A series of questions of explanatory models to understanding the meaning of illness
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biomedicine vs medical Anthropology
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Biomedicine is objective and relies on “hard data” while medical anthropology puts an emphasis on the patient and understanding their life
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Alfred Kroeber?
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An American cultural anthropologist culture can be defined as “acts, artifacts, beliefs, etc
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therapeutic activism
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A core value among practitioners; dividing the world into 2 groups. Anyone willing to be involved in the process of patient care will find acceptance
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sociolinguistic approaches
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1) Interruptions in medical dialogue
2) Conversational dominance
3) Impact of female physician
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How are power struggles evidenced between a doctor and his Patient?
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through interruption of patient by doctor. Doctor gets white coat, patient in backless gown
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immunology
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Scientific study of how the immune system responds normally in states of body health and disease
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metaphors for immunology
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Regulatory Communications Network
warfare against an external enemy
Body as a police state
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self and non self cells
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Each cell carries protein markers that identify it as self or nonself .
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Ludwick Fleck
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○ Polish practicing biologist who saw the limitations of the warfare imagery
○ “Harmonious life unit”, opposed to “self contained, independent unit with fixed boundaries”
○ “A complicated revolution” rather than a foreign invasion
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problem of the excluded middle
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Genetics
health economists
Low income families and older women
Social workers and sociologists
decisions, mental thought process of women
Bioethicists
Moral issues associated with amnio
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How are disabilities socially constructed?
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○ The social construction of disability is the idea that society and its institutions have the power to construct disability around social expectations of health.
○ Social expectations shape it to be stigmatized
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ANP 370: EXAM 2