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CHEM 1100: EXAM 3
What happens ins a Galvanic Cell? |
It goes for chemical to electrical |
What happens in an Electrolytic Cell? |
It goes from electrical to chemical |
If you see the words "acid" or "base" what does that most likely mean? |
It is an electrolite and something is charged |
What does OIL RIG stand for? |
OIL=Oxidation is Loss
RIG=reduction is gain |
If electrons are on the right side what kind of reaction is it? |
Oxidation |
What happens in a cathode? and anode? |
cathode=reduction occurs (e- are gained)
anode=oxidation occurs (e- are lost) |
What is the main purpose of a Salt Bride? |
To transfer ions |
What is in an Alkaline Battery? |
zinc and potassium hydroxide |
What about Pb-Acid? |
It is long lasting, it is rechargeable, it is a power starter, alternator recharges, and it is toxic. |
How can we improve batteries? |
Have a safe disposal--> phase out mercury and lead. Make them lighter more dependable, rechargeable |
What are the macrominerals? |
Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, S, Cl |
What do fuel cells do? |
-force H+ through the membranne and e- through the wire.
-there is no flame it is electrical -unused H2 or O2 can be put back in |
Fuel Cell Cars |
-there is no nitrogen, or CO2 emissions
-there is no recharging -they are expensive |
What are the problems in Methonal Fuel Cells? |
-CO2, CO production
-They have a fuel crossover -expensive |
What are sources of H2? |
-Hydrogen is on =e of the most plentiful elements
-it is very reactive -it must be extracted |
How can you store and transport H2? |
- use heavy, pressurized cylinders
-transport using energy -liquify to 253 degrees celcius |
How can you store H2 into other forms? |
-absorb in carbon
-react to make mental hydrides -make ammonia |
What is good about electrical car batteries? |
they are lead storage batteries so no pollutants are released and they don't need fuel.
-NiMH and Li-ion--> they are lighter and get better mileage they last the life of a vehicle, and they quickly recharge |
Hybrid cars |
it has two engines--a gas engine and a NiMh/Li-ion engine |
Photovoltaics |
-It is a method of generating power by the use of sunlight |
What are the problems of semiconductors |
-it has expensive refinement
-low efficiency |
What are the developments of semi-conductors |
-using non-crystalline silicon--decreases the costs and increases efficiency.
-"doping silicon"--combine with other materials |
What is Doped Silicon? |
-It is easier to make current--lower energy photons
-new materials begin developing |
As (Arsenic) Ga (Gallium) |
as-- "extra" e- (n-type)
Ga-- e-"deficient" (p-type) |
Polymer (sythetic) (natural) |
polymer--chain of atoms
Synthetic--polyesters and nylons natural--silk, cotton, DNA |
Monomers |
single units |
What are the "Big Six" |
Polyethylene (LDPE)
Polyethylene (HDPE) Polyvinyl Chloride Polystyrene Polypropylene Polyethylene terephthalate or PETE |
CH3 |
Methyl |
OH |
hydroxyl or alcohol |
-cooh |
carboxylic acid |
-cooc- |
ester |
-NH2 |
amine |
-C6H5 |
Phenyl |
PETE |
What comes out of this it is different from the other 5 in the Big 6 |
What is styrofoam? |
A polystyrene |
Polyamide |
-Polymers of Amino Acids
-contains peptides and proteins -linked by a peptide bond |
What is the difference between Starch and Cellulose |
Cellulose is stronger |
Where does plastic come from? |
Petroleum is burned and 3% is plastics |
Paper or Plastic? and why? |
Plastic because it is non biodegradable, and you can use it when recycling |
Incineration |
uses hydrocarbons and has low environmental damage |
Lipids |
-They are insoluble in water
-they are the fats largest subgroup |
Saturated Fats |
there are no C=C bonds |
Unsaturated fats |
do have C=C bonds
(more than one C=C bond--polyunsaturated) |
Hydrogenation |
Less saturated-->more saturated |
What is it when H atoms are are on the same side as the double bond? opposite side? |
-same side=cis
-opposite=trans |
Monosaccharides |
they are the simplest sugars-->one ring |
Glycosidic Bonds |
links mono saccharides |
amylose starch chain |
straight chain |
amylopectin starch chain |
branched chain |
How are proteins lined up |
they are structural |
Peptide Bond |
-It is an amide bond
-connects carboxyliv acid to amino group |
What is important about the sequence of Amino Acids? |
must be in the correct order because the order effects the structure |
What is unique about the structure of proteins? |
4 orginizational levels
primary secondary tertiary quaternary |
Basal Metabollism Rate |
Minimum Calories expended
-nothing but resting |
Low Carb Diets |
deplete glycogen |