JOURN 1100: EXAM 3
32 Cards in this Set
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What are citizens' rights and responsibilities when it comes to news?
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pg 248
on truthfulness, on loyalty to citizens,on independence, on monitoring power, a public forum, on proportionality and engagement.
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How can citizens participate in journalism in practice?
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Offer feedback; letters to the editors, online comments, call-ins
withhold business participate in news production and delivery; citizen journalism,community journalism and public journalism
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What are the guarantees of the First Amendment
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Speech and Press
In the beginning "press" referered to anything published on a printing press. Today, mainstream media is covered and congress is considering a media shield law, which would define journalist by the nature of activity engaged in rather than by the organization that employ…
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Hierarchy of Speech and its levels of scrutiny
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Political expressions, receive the highest level of protection(strict scrutiny).
Commercial speech, receives less protection, moderate protection (intermediate scrutiny). The supreme court recognizes that advertising and other forms of commercial speech are protected. Obscene material (…
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Content Neutral
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The time, place and manner of restrictions. the government may not be concerned with what I'm saying, but might have an interest in limiting what, how and where I can say it. (A protest rally in front of your res hall at noon?? sure vs. a rally at 3 am)
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Libel
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Defamation-also called calumny, vilification, slander (for transitory statements), and libel (for written, broadcast, or otherwise published words)-is the communication of a statement that makes a claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may give an individual, business, pro…
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6 Elements of Libel
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Defamatory communication
publications falsity identification harm fault
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Journalist's defenses against Libel
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Truth - makes sure that any potentially libelous material can be proven true
Fair report- officialy meetings such as judicial proceedings, legislative hearing and grand jury deliberations Neutral report - one public figure claims about another public figure (report must be presented in a…
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Privacy Torts
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• Disclosure of private facts
the publication of private information that would be highly offensive to a reasonable person is not a matter of legitimate public concern • Intrusion/trespassing The highly offensive invasion of another person's solitude, either physically or by use of techn…
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Disclosure of private facts
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• Publication of private facts
o Highly offensive to reasonable reader o Not a matter of public concern • Publication must be wide spread • Private information o Information contained from public or public records is not considered private • Highly Offensive o Medical issues, private let…
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Intrusion and Trespassing
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• Trespassing: invasion of property without content
o Ex: If I ask you to leave, you must leave • Intrusion: offensive invasion of another’s solitude, usually by technological means o Example: hidden cameras , recorders false pretence -> lying to get access, problem with recordings.
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False Light
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• Fictionalization: adding or changing facts, docudrama
• Distortion: deceptive juxtaposition of facts improper context o Presentation of information in false context • Actual Malice o Publish recklessly with knowledge or falsity • Highly offensive o Time, inc. vs. Hill – Hew family o Li…
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Appropriation
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Using somebody’s image without their consent for commercial gain
Implying that a person endorsing your product **Exception – to news worthy figures to sell new content Press argues “right of publicity” o We have the right to tell public what they should know about (celebrity, politican)…
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How do journalists protect themselves against privacy torts?
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Truth: best defense but isn’t always enough against privacy
o Courts hate to punish truthful speech Newsworthiness: expects in appropriation o Courts hate to punish truth speech in matters of public concern. Consent? Implied consent: original documentation
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Six obligations by Philosopher W.D. Ross: definition and meaning
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Fidelity
Gratitude Justice Beneficence Noninjury Self-improvement
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Duty of Fidelity
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If you promise to do or not do something, then you are obligated to do it.
Promised can be explicit or implicit
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Duty of Gratitude
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If any person performs a favor for you, then you have some obligation to that person
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Duty of Justice
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If any person deserves something that you are in a position to give or bring about then you are obligated to give it. In practice, this means focusing on what people deserve rather then what they demand.
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Duty of beneficence
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If you can make some person better with respect to their existence, you are obligated to do so
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Duty of noninjury
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If you are in a position to avoid hurting someone, you are obligated to do so.
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Duty of self-improvement
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In you can make yourself better with respect to your state of existence, you are obligated to do so.
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Why do we need code of ethics in journalism?
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Journalist have to balance their professional responsibilities and their societal obligations
Codes of ethics serve as benchmarks and standards that guide what a journalist should do and should not do Codes of ethics are like mission statements that define identification, expectations an…
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Good decision making process must follow...
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Reflection - what are all the important elements of the situation we face?
Justification - how will we explain our decision to others Consistency - our decision can't just be random
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step 1 - ethical decision
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what is the ethical issue or problem? The ethical component must be made clear.
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Step 2 - ethical decision
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What are the facts that bear on the ethical decision to be made? (Here you are looking for those things with the most immediate and direct relevance)
potential economic, social or political pressure list only facts that bear on the ethical decision
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Step 3 - ethical decisions
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List the people who are affected by your decision. They are called claimants. Who is the claimant and in what way are you obligated to them? You are obligated to them through; fidelity( a promise/contract you made), reparation(a wrong you committed that you now have to make up), Gratitude…
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Step 4 - ethical decisions
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Think about alternate courses of action
best and worst case scenarios who will be harmed and how? Do important ideals/values conflict? What rules and principles are in play? List about 3,
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Step 5 - ethical decisions
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Refer to the ethical guidelines for instructions.
Consequences: weighing benefits and harms Utilitarianism: which is alternative will generate most benefit (or less harm) for the greatest number of people? Harm principle: will the benefit outweigh the harm? Ethical egoism: to what degre…
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Step 6 - ethical decisions
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Conclusion, decide, determine a course of action.
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Step 7 - ethical decision
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Justification - defend your decision
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Why is citizen involvement in journalism so important
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Implements the principles of the public forum - makes the news more comprehensive and proportional
Sorts out the truth over time; verification, transparency and the open-minded examination monitors the watchdog engages public in what is going on in the world around them
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Types of citizen journalism
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Newsroom opens up to public comments: feedback and comments, the citizens add-on reporter, newsroom citizens "transparency" blogs, the citizen bloghouse.
The stand-along citizens journalism sites: mymissourian.com, backfense.com Hybrid model: pro+citizen journalism: open source (public …
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JOURN 1100: Exam 1