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PRE 305: EXAM 1
Importance of studying child development |
Early experience shape later experiences
|
Domains of Development |
Physical, Cognitive, and Social-Emotional
|
Physical domain of development |
Biological changes, integration of sensory and motor information
|
Cognitive domain of development |
Thinking, understanding, reasoning |
Social-Emotional domain of development |
Connections/Emotions |
Nature v. Nurture-what is nature |
Genetic make-up, biological |
Nature v. Nurture-what is nurture |
Environment |
David Reimer |
His circumcision was botched, parents decided to cut off his penis and raise him as a girl. He always felt different and ended up killing himself. Genetic make-up had a bigger influence than his environment.
|
Developmental Psychopathology |
Distortions of normal development result in a disorder. Needs to be an understanding of what is "normal development."
|
Equifinality |
Multiple pathways leading to one outcome. |
Multifinality |
One pathway with multiple outcomes. |
Research aims to... |
Generalize findings |
Individuals are defined by their.... |
risk and protective factors |
Risk Factors |
Increase likelihood of outcome
|
Protective Factors |
Decrease likelihood of outcome
|
Active niche picking child's role |
Seeking compatible and stimulating environments.
|
Types of Research |
Basic and Applied |
Basic Research |
Adds to understanding of development, refines theories |
Applied Research |
Makes immediate changes to life |
Hypothesis |
Prediction based of theoretical ideas or observations |
Scientific Method |
Process of forming and testing a hypothesis |
Operationalization |
Ability to measure a concept |
Interrater reliability |
Reliability between experimenters.
|
Internal Consistency |
Reliability between separate test items.
|
Validity |
A test measures what it ought to
|
Face Validity |
Appearing to measure what it ought to
|
External Validity |
To what degree can findings be generalized |
Internal Valididty |
Cause and effect determined |
Generalizability |
The ability to expand the results to a population |
Population |
Everyone in the category being studied
|
Sample |
Reflects the population |
Norm |
The average/typical performance of an age group
|
Performance Tests |
Requires child to do something |
Achievement Standardized Test |
Academic skills |
Ability Standardized Test |
Intellect |
Personality Standardized Test |
Evaluates thoughts, emotions etc...
|
Projective Standardized Test |
Interpretation of ambiguous stimuli (Ink blot tests)
|
Neuropsychosocial Standardized Test |
Asses functioning to identify problems or disorders
|
EEG |
Electroensephalogram measures electrical activity
|
ERP |
Event-related potential electrical response to stimuli |
MRI |
Picture of brain structures |
fMRI |
Functional MRI tracks blood flow in brain
|
Archival Records |
Data collected by others |
Case Studies |
Comprehensive review of a single case |
Experimental Group |
Receives the IV |
Control Group |
Baseline |
Random Assignment |
Ensures generalizability/reliability |
Independent Variable |
What is changed |
Dependent Variable |
What is measured |
Quasi Experiment |
Natural occurring phenomenon, control everything but group assignment. Ex. spanking |
Correlation |
Relationship, does not mean causation |
Longitudinal Research |
Follows one group over time |
Attrition |
Loss of participants |
Sample Bias |
Less representative |
Cross-Sectional Research |
Multiple age groups, one measurement at a time |
Cohort Effect |
Differences between groups
|
Cross-Sequential |
Longitudinal and Cross sectional, multiple age groups, measure over time
|
Meta-Analysis |
Combines data from different sides |
Folk Wisdom |
Widely accepted facts without scientific support |
Intervention |
Treatment of an identified problem |
Theory |
Basic principles, organize observations, help us understand and predict
|
Developmental Theories |
How change happens (qualitative/quantitative), why change happens/or stays constant |
Psychoanalytic Theory |
Freud, conscious v. unconscious mind
|
Id |
Basic Drives |
Ego |
Real world |
Superego |
Conscience |
Oral Psychoanalytic Theory Stage |
Birth-18 months, mouth |
Anal Psychoanalytic Theory Stage |
18 months-3 years, anus |
Phallic Psychoanalytic Theory Stage |
3-6 years, Oedipus Complex, Electra Complex |
Latency Psychoanalytic Theory Stage |
6-12 years, sex drive disappears |
Genital Psychoanalytic Theory Stage |
12+ years, genitals, sexual interest in peers emerges |
Erik Erikson |
Focused on the ego (identity), psychosocial stages |
Behaviorism |
Focus on observable behavior, response to external stimuli, environment shapes personality |
Tabula Rasa |
Kids are a blank slate |
Classical Conditioning |
Pairing together two stimuli to provoke a response |
Operant Conditioning |
Positive Response reinforce our behavior |
Scheduled Reinforcement |
Determinant of when a reinforcement was given |
Interval Schedule |
Reinforcement is given after a period of time |
Ratio |
Reinforcement given after a number of behaviors |
Fixed Interval |
Reinforcement given after fixed periods of time |
Variable |
Reinforcement given after different periods of time |
Social Cognitive Theory's Founder |
Albert Bandura |
Social Cognitive Theory |
Learning through imitation, attention to a model, ability to act, motivation, generalization, self-efficacy |
Cognitive Development Theory's Founder |
Jean Piaget |
Cognitive Developmental Theory |
Constant adaptation to the environment
|
Schema |
Cognitive developmental theory, environmental framework |
Assimilation |
Fitting new info into an existing schema. |
Accommodation |
Making a new schema |
Equilibrium |
Resolving Dissonance |
Constructivism |
Active understanding of the world |
Zone of Proximal Development |
Individual is capable of with help from experienced individual |
Scaffolding |
Help until able to stand on their own
|
Ethology |
Study of animal behavior in natural environment |
Sociobiology |
Social behavior is the result of genetic adaptations |
Evolutionary Developmental Psychology |
Preparation for adult life, specific life circumstances |
Microsystem |
Ecological Theory, immediate environment and face to face interactions
|
Mesosystems |
Ecological Theory, interaction of the settings of microsystem |
Exosystems |
External settings |
Macrosystem |
Culture |
Chronosystem |
Change and stability over time |