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PPE 3003: EXAM 1
Personality Traits |
a unique set of consistent emotional, cognitive, and behavioral dispositions or tendencies |
What are the 3 Levels of Personality Analysis |
~Human Nature.
~Individual & Group Differences. ~Individual Uniqueness. |
Human Nature |
how we are like all others |
Individual Differences |
~Individual Differences: ways in which each person is like/different from some other people |
Group differences |
how people differ across groups [culture, age, sex, race] |
Individual Uniqueness |
how we are like no others |
Traits |
~describe people. ~explain behavior. ~predict future behavior.... ~~~how people are different from each other [extroversion, sensation seeking, etc] |
Mechanisms |
~Inputs.
~Decision Rules. ~Outputs. |
Inputs |
becoming more sensitive to certain information [ex: optimists notice more positive events] |
Decision Rules |
deals with options you consider [ex: confrontation with roommate; if you're an aggressive person, you may not even consider talking it out] |
Outputs |
behaviors [ex: extroverts may be more likely to go to a party] |
Reciprocal Determinism |
Personality, Environment, and Behavior all influence each other. |
Domain of Knowledge |
a specialty area |
Dispositional Domain |
individual differences |
Biological Domain |
humans are collections of biological systems which provide the building blocks for behavior, thought and emotion |
Intrapsychic Domain |
mental mechanisms and unconscious processes |
Cognitive-Experiental Domain |
thoughts, feelings, and beliefs |
Adjustment Domain |
personality plays a key role in how we cope, adapt, and adjust |
Social and Cultural Domain |
personality affects and is affected by the social and cultural context |
Self-Report Data |
asking questions [structured vs. unstructured] |
Observer-Report Data |
information provided by an observer |
Test Data |
standardized tests of behavior [biological vs. situational] |
A test is Valid if.... |
it measures what it claims to measure |
A test is Reliable if.... |
its measure is consistent. |
Internal Causal Properties |
proposition that internal states such as needs/wants influence external behavior |
Purely Descriptive Summaries |
proposition that traits make no assumptions about internality or causality |
Taxonomy |
classification system |
Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality |
Three highly heritable traits; PEN |
Three Fundamental Approaches to identifying important traits |
~Lexical. ~Statistical. ~Theoretical. |
Lexical Approach |
involves using the cultures language to identify important traits |
Statistical Approach |
using factor analysis to organize a large set of traits into smaller factors |
Theoretical Approach |
determines important traits from existing theories |
Cattell's Taxonomy |
16 traits [lexical approach] |
The Wiggins Circumplex |
Interpersonal traits |
Five Factor Model ["Big Five"] |
OCEAN [openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism] ~~~most widely accepted model |