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Personality Traits
a unique set of consistent emotional, cognitive, and behavioral dispositions or tendencies
What are the 3 Levels of Personality Analysis
~Human Nature. ~Individual & Group Differences. ~Individual Uniqueness.
Human Nature
how we are like all others
Individual Differences
~Individual Differences: ways in which each person is like/different from some other people
Group differences
how people differ across groups [culture, age, sex, race]
Individual Uniqueness
how we are like no others
Traits
~describe people. ~explain behavior. ~predict future behavior.... ~~~how people are different from each other [extroversion, sensation seeking, etc]
Mechanisms
~Inputs. ~Decision Rules. ~Outputs.
Inputs
becoming more sensitive to certain information [ex: optimists notice more positive events]
Decision Rules
deals with options you consider [ex: confrontation with roommate; if you're an aggressive person, you may not even consider talking it out]
Outputs
behaviors [ex: extroverts may be more likely to go to a party]
Reciprocal Determinism
Personality, Environment, and Behavior all influence each other.
Domain of Knowledge
a specialty area
Dispositional Domain
individual differences
Biological Domain
humans are collections of biological systems which provide the building blocks for behavior, thought and emotion
Intrapsychic Domain
mental mechanisms and unconscious processes
Cognitive-Experiental Domain
thoughts, feelings, and beliefs
Adjustment Domain
personality plays a key role in how we cope, adapt, and adjust
Social and Cultural Domain
personality affects and is affected by the social and cultural context
Self-Report Data
asking questions [structured vs. unstructured]
Observer-Report Data
information provided by an observer
Test Data
standardized tests of behavior [biological vs. situational]
A test is Valid if....
it measures what it claims to measure
A test is Reliable if....
its measure is consistent.
Internal Causal Properties
proposition that internal states such as needs/wants influence external behavior
Purely Descriptive Summaries
proposition that traits make no assumptions about internality or causality
Taxonomy
classification system
Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality
Three highly heritable traits; PEN
Three Fundamental Approaches to identifying important traits
~Lexical. ~Statistical. ~Theoretical.
Lexical Approach
involves using the cultures language to identify important traits
Statistical Approach
using factor analysis to organize a large set of traits into smaller factors
Theoretical Approach
determines important traits from existing theories
Cattell's Taxonomy
16 traits [lexical approach]
The Wiggins Circumplex
Interpersonal traits
Five Factor Model ["Big Five"]
OCEAN [openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism] ~~~most widely accepted model

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