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EBIO 3400: EXAM 1
how do fungi get their nutrients from environment? |
absorb |
how do bacteria get their nutrients from their environment |
absorb or synthesize their own |
archaea are Prokaryotic or eukartyotic |
pro |
a virus requires a ___to replicate |
host cell |
spontaneous generation
|
microbes just grow |
miasma theory |
hypothesized diseases were due to exposure to toxic gases from rotting flesh and swamps "mal air" |
Leeuenhoek's contribution? |
crude microscope, scraped teeth to look at 'animicules' |
cell theory: |
1. all living organisms are composed of 1+ cells
2. the cell is the most absic unit of life
3. all cells arise from preexisitng cells |
Redi's contribution |
Experiment: maggots don't grow on meat if jar is covered. Maggots didn not arise spontaneously on the meat but were produced by flies laying eggs on the meat |
Pasteur's contribution |
disproved spontaneous generation w/ s-shaped flasks.
-neck on sterile flask broke (air access) growth occurs
-neck intact (no air access) no growth
-also pasteurization |
koch's contribution |
Postulates:
1) The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease and not present in healthy individuals.
2) The organism must be isolated and grown in pure culture away from the patient’s body.
3) The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is incoculated into a healthy host.
4) The same microorganism can be isolated again from the diseased host. |
Walter and Fannie Hesse contribution |
solidifying agent (polysaccharide from red algae) used in agar. not readily consumed by bacteria |
who contributed to sterilzation procedures used in modern hospitals |
Ferdinand cohn, discovered endospores that could survive some types of heat treatment |
Semmelweiss contribution |
linked childbed fever to x-contimation from physicians working on cadavers-->led to handwashing techniques |
holme's contribution |
wash tools used for surgery |
Jenner's contribution |
performed first successful vaccination by showing that injection from pus with cowpox blisters could prevent deadly smallpox |
why do organisms that can reproduce fastest have the best survival rates |
higher SA:V ration |
pleiomorphic |
characteristic of bacteria. means they have no regular or definable shape, don't fit into one specific category |
stalk cell |
adherent |
swarmer cell |
motile cells, allows cells to divide and reproduce more rapidly, allows organisms to move to where nutrients are more plentiful |
all prokaryotes have to have |
prevents excessive osmotic pressure on the inside of the cell |
hypotonic |
water will want to go into the cell where there are more nutrients to balance out the concentration |
what composes the plasma membrane
|
phospholipid bilayer |
what are the inserted proteins in the plasma membrane used for |
activated to transport molecules in and out (maintains concnetration)
|
phospholipid have a _____ head and _____ tail and line up ________ |
polar, nonpolar. polar portions outside, hydrophobic regions on inside |
how are phospholipids altered in cold environments |
want to combat limited movement, add unsaturated fats |
how do organisms alter their bilayer in increased temperatures |
increase rigidity, add sat fats |
archae membrane lipids have ______ bonds instead of _____ like bacteria |
ether instead of ester |
hoponoids |
similar to cholesterol, found in bacteria to make membrane more rigid
|
passive transport |
diffusion through the membrane |
peptidoglycan is composed of ______ and _______ |
NAG and NAM sugars |
what is the main purpose of the cell wall |
to protect cell against changes in osmotic pressure |
gram positive bacteria has ______ amino acid |
L-lysine |
gram negative bacteria has _____ amino acid
|
dap |
each NAM and NAG forms a ______ complex |
tetrapeptide |
how does lysozyme antibiotic target |
breaks bonds between NAG and NAM sugars, makes cell wall less stable |
how do penicillin class antibitoics target bacteria |
prevent formation of crosslinks and peptide bridges between NAG-NAM tetrapeptide complexes |
bacteria usually have a ______layer while archae have a ______layer |
bilayer, monolayer |
bacteria have ______ bonds between heads and tails of phospholipids, archaea have _____ bonds |
ester, ether |
bacteria (have/do not have) peptidoglycan in their cell walls, while archaea (do/do not)
|
do have, do not |
S-layer |
Similar to capsuleRegularly structured protein
Self assembling |
an endospore protects ______ from stress such as radiation, temp, desiccation |
bacteria DNA |
what is the first step in production of an endospore |
production of a sporangium through sporulation |
what signals the process of sporulation and production of endospore
|
depletion of nutrients |
what is the difference in chromosome structure between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
|
circular in bacteria and linear in eukaryotes |
bacteria (do/do not) have a nucleus |
do not |
where does replication happen in prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
prokaryotes=cytoplasm
eukayrotes= nuclues |
errors in replication are more likely to happen in _____
|
eukaryotes |
replication is much faster in (pro/eu)
|
prokaryotes |
Topoisomerase Function |
Remove twists and knots from DNA to allow for separation, relieves tension in replication |
DNA primase function
|
adds RNA primer to origin |
DNA polymerase function |
leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction` |
transcription |
DNA to mRNA (message for protein synthesis) |
Sigma factor |
Protein that helps bacterial RNA polymerase core enzyme recognize the promotor |
RNA polymerase |
Enzymes that bond nucleotides together in a chain to make a new RNA molecule in transcription |
translation |
turing mRNA-->proteins |
polysomes |
(multiple ribosomes on same mRNA translating at same time → increased efficiency, can’t have in eukaryotes.) |
how is transcription initiated in bacteria
|
50S subunit binds to specific site on mRNA. 30S subunit binds to 50S to make 70S ribosome complex. |
tRNA role in bacterial translation |
tRNA carries amino acids on one end and has an anti-codon sequence on the other end that can bind to each codon on an mRNA. Third position in the anti-codon is a “wobble” position - changing the base usually doesn’t change the amino acid that is attached to the tRNA at the other end. |
what is the most important sigma factor |
number 70. controls transcription of things that are needed to keep the cell alive (metabolic pathways, rRNA, tRNa) |