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IPHY 3410: FINAL EXAM
ligament CT |
dense regular Ct |
articular capsule |
An articular capsule (or joint capsule) is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint.
outer fibrous capsule dense irregular CT |
synovial membrane |
Synovial membrane (or synovium) is the soft tissue that lines the non-cartilaginous surfaces within joints with cavities (synovial joints).
loose CT makes synovial fluid |
articular cartilage |
hyaline cartialge
end of a long bone nourished by synovial fluid |
articular disk |
The articular disk (or disc) is a thin, oval plate of fibrocartilage present in several joints which separates synovial cavities. |
gliding joint |
A plane joint (arthrodial joint, gliding joint, plane articulation) is a synovial joint which, under physiological conditions, allows only gliding movement.
ex. wrist |
hinge joint |
A hinge joint (ginglymus) is a bone joint in which the articular surfaces are moulded to each other in such a manner as to permit motion only in one plane-backward and forward-the extent of motion at the same time being considerable.
flexion and extension ex. elbow |
pivot joint |
A Pivot joint (trochoid joint, rotary joint) is a joint that moves by rotating.
pronate and supinate ex. forearm |
condyloid joint |
In a condyloid joint (condyloid articulation, ellipsoidal joint) an ovoid articular surface, or condyle, is received into an elliptical cavity.
biaxial flexion and extension/ abduction and adduction ex. fingers |
saddle joint |
biaxial joint
flexion and extension/ abduction and adduction/ cicrumduction ex. thumb |
ball and socket joint |
A ball and socket joint (enarthrosis, spheroidal joint) is a joint in which the distal bone is capable of motion around an indefinite number of axes, which have one common center.
multiaxial ex. shoulder |
bursa |
fluid filled sac, filled with synovial fluid
prevents friction |
menisci |
articular disks of knee
stabilizing joints help distribute body weight |
commonly torn ligaments |
tibial collateral ligament
medial meniscus anterior criciate ligament |
sprain |
stretched or torn ligament |
strain |
stretched or torn muscle |
peristalsis |
smooth muscle contraction |
adventitia |
Adventitia is the outermost connective tissue covering of any organ, vessel, or other structure.
fibrous CT surrounds the esophagus |
serous cell |
secrete digestive enzymes |
mucous cell |
produce and secrete mucus |
gastric pit |
Gastric pits are indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to the tubular shaped gastric glands.
mucus secreted to cover and protect surface of epithelium |
gastric gland |
mucous neck cells-> mucus
parietal cells-> HCl chief cells->pepsinogen |
cells in small intestine |
absoprtive cells
goblet cells enteroendocrine cells internal glands Poneth cells |
goblet cells |
Goblet cells are glandular simple columnar epithelial cells whose sole function is to secrete mucin, which dissolves in water to form mucus. |
conducting zone |
The conducting zone of the respiratory system is made up of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles.
filters particles, warm air, and humidifies air |
respiratory zone |
The respiratory zone is the site of O2 and CO2 exchange with the blood. |
alveoli epithelium |
simple squamous |
capillary bed epithelium |
simple squamous |
respiratory zone epithelium |
simple cuboidal to simple squamous |
lamina propria CT |
alveolar CT |
suture CT |
fibrous short dense regular CT |
suture |
between skull bones
synarthortic |
gomphosis CT |
dense regular CT |
gomphosis |
Gomphosis is a joint that binds the teeth to bony sockets (dental alveoli) in the maxillary bone and mandible.
synarthortic ex. teeth and jaw bone |
synarthrotic |
no movement |
amphiarthrotic |
slightly moveable |
diarthrotic |
movable |
Oral cavity epithelium |
stratified squamous |
oropharynx and laryngopharynx epithelium |
stratified squamous |
esophagus epithelium |
stratified squamous |
stomach epithelium |
simple columnar |
small and large intestine epithelium |
simple columnar |
anal epithelium |
simple columnar sometimes stratified squamous |
nasal cavity epithelium |
pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
epithelium below vocal cords |
pseudostratified columnar |
small bronchi epithelium |
simple columnar |
syndesmosis |
A syndesmosis is amphiarthrotic articulation where the contiguous bony surfaces are held together by short ligaments
ex. tibia and fibula |
symphysis |
A symphysis is a fibrocartilaginous fusion between two bones.
amphiarthrotic ex. vertebrae |
synchondrosis |
Where the connecting medium is hyaline cartilage, a cartilaginous joint is termed a synchondrosis.
synarthrotic ex. epiphyseal plate |
motor unit |
A motor unit is a single -motor neuron and all of the corresponding muscle fibers it innervates |
fixator |
stabilizes joint during movement |
sliding filament theory |
myofilaments to not shorten
filaments move along eachother |
prime mover |
muslce leading the movement |
antagonist muscle |
muscle opposing motion |
synergist |
Synergist is a kind of muscle which performs, or assist in performing |
circular |
Circular is a basic geometric shape such as a Circle or Oval. |
multipennate |
branches
fibers on all branches stronge ex. deltoid |
bipennate |
A modification of the unipennate condition is found where oblique fibers converge to both sides of a central tendon
ex. rectus femoris. |
unipennate |
fibers attached to one side of muscle
ex. extensors |
pennate |
Pennate is used to mean "winged", "feathered" or simply "shaped like a wing". |
parallel |
fibers run parallel
ex. biceps |
indirect attachment |
muscle becomes tendon or aponeurosis that attaches to bone |
direct attachement |
short CT attaching directly to bone |
endomysium |
a layer of loos connective tissue that ensheaths a muscle fiber and is composed mostly from reticular fibers |
myofilaments |
shorten muscle cells |
sarcolemma |
The sarcolemma is the cell membrane bull of a muscle cell (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle). |
smooth muscle |
Smooth muscle is an involuntary non-striated muscle. that lines organs and blood vessels
no myofibrils intermediate filaments |
cardiac muscle |
Cardiac muscle is a type of involuntary striated muscle found in the walls and histologic foundation of the heart
on nucleus no regenration intercalculated disks |
skeletal muscle |
Skeletal muscle is a form of striated muscle tissue
voluntary motion moves skeleton multinucleated |
elasticity |
shortening muscle that can resume resting length |
excitability |
electrical impulse causes muscle to contract |
muscle function |
move material through body
move parts of body generate heat contract when stimulated |
appendicular |
scapula
limbs pelvis clavicle |
axial |
head
neck ribs vertebrae sacrum |
PAget's disease |
excessive remodeling of bone
genetic |
osteomalacia |
Osteomalacia is the softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization.
bones are bendable and weak lack vitamin d |
osteoporosis |
Osteoporosis is a disease of bones that leads to an increased risk of fracture.
bones are weak with holes osteoclasts over osteoblasts |
osteoclast |
break down of bone |
epimysium |
Epimysium is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue which ensheaths the entire muscle. |
osteoblasts |
bone depositing cells
produce and secrete organic compounds to make bone |
Function of teh bone |
support movement
protection mineral reservoir blood cell formation energy metabolism |
elastic cartilage |
estatic and colalgen fibers
maintain shape of structure flexible ex. ear, epiglottic, larynx |
hyaline cartilage |
most abudnant
lots of collagen fibers resists compressive stress provides support ex. trachea, lungs, elbow, wrist, ankles, ribs, apiphyseal plate |
cartilage types |
hyaline
elastic fibrocartilage |
course vs fine hair |
based on diameter of hair cell |
straight vs curly hair |
based on shape of cell |
langerhans |
macrophage |
merkel cell |
sensory receptor |
melanocytes |
Melanocytes () are melanin-producing cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis, the middle layer of the eye (the uvea), the inner ear, meninges, bones, and heart. Melanin is a pigment which is primarily responsible for the color of skin.
store keratin respond to Uv light |
keratinocytes |
Keratinocytes are the predominant cell type in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the human skin, constituting 95% of the cells found there.
for protection produce keratin |
mucous membrane |
The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular mucosa) are linings of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which are involved in absorption and secretion. |
cutaneous membrane |
cutaneous membrane |
adipose tissue |
adipose tissue |
Loose Connective tissue |
Loose connective tissue is a category of connective tissue which includes areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and adipose tissue. |
Connective tissue proper |
loose Ct and Dense CT
Connective tissue is a form of fibrous tissue. |
elastic fiber |
stretch and regain shape |
endocrine |
produces hormones |
exocrine |
Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (excluding hormones and other chemical messengers) into ducts (duct glands) which lead directly into the external environment. , secrete sweat and oil |
transitional epithelium |
Transitional epithelium (also known as urothelium) is a type of tissue consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells which can contract and expand.
ex. urinary organs |
stratified columnar epithelium |
Stratified columnar epithelia is a rare type of epithelial tissue composed of column shaped cells arranged in multiple layers. |
stratified cuboidal epithelium |
Stratified cuboidal epithelia is a rare type of epithelial tissue composed of cuboidally shaped cells arranged in multiple layers. |
stratified squamous epithelium |
multiple layer,
thickest layer for protection can be keratinized |
pseudostratified epithelium |
1 layer, composed of different sized cells
use active transport for secretion and absorption |
simple columnar epithelium |
A simple columnar epithelium is a columnar epithelium that is uni-layered.
sometimes ciliated for secretion and absorption secretes mucus |
simple cuboidal epithelium |
Simple cuboidal epithelia are epithelial cells in a single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei.
for secreation and absorption |
gap junction |
passageway for communication between cilia in cells |
desmosomes |
ell structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion. , amke one long network through cells |
tight junctions |
cell junction that closes off intracellular saoce, molecules cannot pass through |
convergent |
fan shaped, braod origin, longer fibers
ex. pectoris major |
perimysium |
sheath of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds fascicles |
sarcoplasma |
cytoplasma of a muscle cell |
extensibility |
abiulity for muscle to stretch by an opposing muscle |
bone growth process |
growth zone
hypertrophic zone calcification zone ostification zone |
fibrocartilage |
thick collagen fibers that absorb compressive shock
ex. vertebrae disks, knee |
skeletal tissue types |
bone and cartilage |
serous membrane |
simple squamous eipthelium on areolar CT
reduces firction body cavity secretes slippery serous fluid |
types of muscle |
skeletal
cardiac muscle |
tissue types |
epithelium for coevering
connective for support muscle for movement nervous for control |
fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva |
dises where CT is replaces by bone tissue |
elastic connective tissue |
Elastic fibres (or yellow fibres) are bundles of proteins (elastin) found in extracellular matrix of connective tissue and produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in arteries. |
dense regular connective tissue |
tendons and ligaments
parallel poorly vascularized no fat cells resist forces from parallel directions |
dense irregular connective tissue |
Dense irregular connective tissue has thick collagen fibers that are not arranged in parallel bundles as in dense regular connective tissue but in opposite directions |
reticular connective tissue |
high in reticular fibers |
reticular fibers |
supports structures bordering connetive tissue
cluster into a network |
collagen fibers |
strong
abundant resist tension |
types of connective tissue |
connective tissue proper
cartilage bone blood |
connective tissue |
few cells
extracellular matrix ground substance and prtein fibers common embryonic origin |
dense connective tissue |
lots of fibers, resists pulling forces |
areolar connective tissue |
collagen elastic and reticular,
suports and binds tissues defends agasint infections stores nutrients |
epithelial tissue |
Epithelium is a tissue composed of cells that line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body.
little extracellualr material cell junctions avascular innervated regeneration |
simple squamous epithelium |
1 layer of flattened cells where gas exchange occurs and allows diffusion |
CT functions |
connects cells
stores nutrients surrounds nerves and blood vessels form skeletal tissue |
function of integument |
waterproof, excretion, sensory, body temperature, protection |
cartilage |
Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue , resists compression, avascular, chondrocytes |
osteocytes |
mature bone cells
keep bone healthy |
features of muscle tissue |
excitability
contractility extensibility elasticity |
contractility |
ability to shorten to stimulus |
titin |
allows for elasticity |
parietal pericardium |
simple squamous epithelium
inner surface of fibrous pericardium |
fibrous pericardium |
The fibrous pericardium is the most superficial layer of the pericardium.
dense CT hold heart in place |
ganglia |
clusters of peripheral cell bodies |
fascia adherens |
transverese regions contain desmosomes |
bipolar neurons |
1 axon and 1 dendrite |
unipolar neurons |
1 axon |
capillary |
thin layer of endothelial cells surrounded by a basement membrane |
precapillary sphincter |
The precapillary sphincter is a band of smooth muscle that adjusts the blood flow into each capillary. |
efferent neuron |
motor or effector neurons - carry nerve impulses away from the central nervous system |
afferent neuron |
sensory or receptor neurons, carry nerve impulses from receptors or sense organs toward the central nervous system.unmyelinated axon |
unmyelinated axon |
no myelin sheath
slowly conduct axons |
myelinated axon |
an axon wrapped witha myelin sheath
formed from schwann cell |
schwann cell |
form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). |
oligodendrocyte |
form mylein sheath in CNS
insulate cell axons |
microglia |
Microglia are a type of glial cell that are the resident macrophages of the brain and spinal cord, and thus act as the first and main form of active immune defense in the central nervous system (CNS). |
supporting cells of CNS |
astrocytes
microglia ependymal cells oligodendrocyte |
RH factor |
associated with pregnancy |
leukocyte |
White blood cells , are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. |
formed elements |
erythrocyte
leukocyte platelet |
plasma |
watery component of blood
extracellular matrix of CT |
vein valves |
help veins carry blood towards the ehart
tunica intima skeletal muscle |
arteries |
carry blood away from heart |
exteroceptor |
receive stimuli from outside cell at body surface
pain pressure temp touch |
proprioceptor |
erve endings that mointor stretch of organs, tendons, joints, and ligaments |
adrenal gland |
sympathetic system
releases epinephrine and norepeinephrine |
tunica media |
The tunica media (or just media) ( middle coat ) is the middle layer of an artery or vein.
thickest layer controls blood pressure sheets of elastic and collagen fibers |
tunica intima |
The tunica intima (or just intima) is the innermost layer of an artery or vein.
lines the lumen |
elastic artery |
An elastic artery (or large elastic artery or conducting artery) is an artery with a large number of collagen and elastin filaments in the tunica media, which gives it the ability to stretch in response to each pulse. |
SA node |
heart pace maker
creates its own impulse |
artery types |
elastic
muscular arterioles |
vein |
In the circulatory system, veins (from the Latin vena) are blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart. |
PNS |
all nerves
communication lines between body and CNS |
interoceptor |
An interoceptor is a sensory receptor that detects stimulus within the body. |
tunica externa |
The tunica externa, also known as the tunica adventitia (or adventitia), is the outermost layer of a blood vessel, surrounding the tunica media.
loos areolar CT protects the vessel by strengthening the wall vascularized |
sensory receptor |
sensory nerve ending that responds to a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism. |
areas that process motor information |
cerebrum
cerebellum brain stem |
areas that process visual and auditory information |
cerebrum
diancephalon brain stem |
somatic motor |
innervate skeletal muscle
voluntary |
commissural fibers |
The commissural fibers or transverse fibers connect the two hemispheres of the brain. |
projection fibers |
The projection fibers consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord. |
cerebral cortex |
communication
remembrance understanding voluntary |
free nerve endings |
A free nerve ending (FNE) is an unspecialized, afferent nerve ending, meaning it brings information from the body's periphery toward the brain. |
receptor cells |
monitor sensory info |
nerves |
A peripheral nerve, or simply nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of peripheral axons (the long, slender projections of neurons). |
satellite cell |
surround neuron cell bodies
insulate preventing neurons from activating one another |
sinusoidal capillary |
incomplete basement membrane
most permeable ex. live, bone marrow, spleen |
muscularis artery |
supply organs and skeletal muscle
thickest tunica media sheets of elastin on each side of smooth muscle |
preganglionic axons |
thinlightly myelinated axons |
3 things cerebellum needs to do its job |
current movements
planned movements equilibrium |
white matter |
myelinated and unmyelinated axons
that allow communication between spinal cord and brain |
gray matter |
Grey matter is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and both unmyelinated axons and myelinated axons), glial cells (astroglia and oligodendrocytes) and capillaries. |
dura mater |
The dura mater (), or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. |
occipital lobe |
The occipital lobe is the visual processing center of the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex. |
supporting cell |
help neuron, surround and wrap neurons |
cerebellum |
smooths and coordinates body movement |
ventral rami |
anterior and lateral body, motor and sensory neurons |
dorsal rami |
posterior body, sensory and motor neurons |
ventral root |
axonal processes of motor neurons |
dorsal root |
axonal process of sensory neurons |
coronary arterial disease |
atherosclerosis |
chordae tendinae |
dense regular Ct that prvent valves from pushing into atria |
endocardium |
The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart. |
myocardium |
middle layer of heart, bulk of heart
contains muscle cells |
visceral pericardium |
epicardium
outer layer of heart infiltrated with fat |
systemic circuit |
blood to and from all tissues of body |
pulmonary circuit |
carry blood to and from lungs |
somatosensory association cortex |
awareness of senses |
olfactory cortex |
smell |
primary auditory cortex |
sound |
primary visual cortex |
sight |
corpora quadrigemina |
visual and auditory reflexes |
CSF |
produced in the choroid plexus
removes water and provides ourishment to brain |
dorsal root ganglia |
a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of neurons in sensory nerves. |
dendrite |
branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project. |
neuron |
A neuron ( , also known as a neurone or nerve cell) is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling. in one direction |
motor endings |
axon terminals of motor neurons that innervate effector organs muscle and glands |
presynaptic neuron |
conduct signal toward synapse |
synapse |
In the nervous system, a synapse is a junction that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell. |
thalamus |
process and relay info to cerebral cortex |
broca's area |
control motor movement necessary for speaking |
primary motor cortex |
voluntary control over skeletal muscle |
postsynaptic neuron |
transmit signal away from synapse |
frontal lobe |
cognition |
deep gray matter |
basal ganlgie
basal forebrain nucleus |
premotor cortex |
plans and coordinate movements |
arachnoid mater |
2nd layer
reitcular CT |
neurotransmitter |
cheimcal messenger released by axon |
cell body |
soma with cell nucleus
located in dorsal root ganglia |
cardiac muscle cells |
conduct electrical impulses
short, branching, striated cells |
meninges |
conver and protect the cNS |
continuous capillary |
most common capillary
least permeable |
multipolar neuron |
1 axon multiple dendrites |
ganglion |
collection of neuron cell boides |
basal ganglia |
communicate with cerebral cortex, control and coordiante movement |
ependymal cell |
epithelial cells of CNS
cilaited to move CSF lines spaces within brain and spinal cord |
astrocyte |
regulate neurotransmitter levels
signal increased blood flow control ionic environment |
axon |
impulse generators and conductos to transmit nerve impulses away from cell bodies
no ribosomes release neurotransmitter |
pre frontal cortex |
memory/personality |
pia mater |
inner layer of the meninges |
association fibers |
connect different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere |
medulla oblongata |
control breathing |
temporal lobe |
sense of smell and sound |
parietal lobe |
sensory information |
hypothalamus |
main visceral controlcenter of the body |
inferior colliculus |
auditory reflexes |
superior colliculus |
visual refelxes |
pons |
relay station between cerebellum and cerebral cortex, controls breathing |
roots vs rami |
roots are strictly motor or sensory
rami are sensory and motor |
lumbar plexus |
l1 to l4 lower limb region |
brachial plexus |
c5 to tt1
upper limb region |
carvical plexus |
c1 to c5 innervate neck |
dermatomes |
inervates skin by spinal nerves |
sacral plexus |
l4 to s4 posterior lower limb |
sympathetic |
flight or fight
innervates smooth muscle of blood vessels mobilize body |
parasympathetic |
relax and digest
conserve energy |
postganglionic axon |
very thin unmyelinated axon
stimulate muscle contraction |
parasypathetic pre vs posyganglionic axons |
pre are long and relesae acetylcholine
post are short with few branches release acetylcholine |
differences between arteries and veins |
tunica medi is larger in arteries than veins
blood pressure is greater in areteries than veins less elastin in veins than arteries veins have valves wall of veins is thinner than arteries |
AV node |
seperates atrie from ventricles
delay signal and generate signal onward |
sympathtis pre vs postganglionic neurons |
pre are short release acetylcholine
post are long with many branches release noreepinephrine |
fenestrated capillary |
have proes
found in specialized areas- kidney, small intestine complete basement membrane |
arterioles |
little elastin
lack a tunic externa |
erythrocytes |
RBC transport O2 and CO2
no nucleus anaerobic |
supporting cells of PNS |
satellite cells and schwann cells |
platelets |
cell fragments prevent clotting |
myelin sheath |
insulatory layer
increase speed of impulse |
visceral sensory |
visceral area sense, pain temp, chemical change, iritation |
visceral motor |
involuntary motor
innervates smooth muscle, cardic muscle and glands |
somatic sensory |
touch pain pressure vibration to skin, body wall and limbs |
functions of nervous system |
sensory input
integrate info motor output |
amygdala |
limbic system
memories and fearsgustatory cortex |
gustatory cortex |
taste |
werenickes areas |
recognize spoken word |
epithalamus |
hormone secreation
produce melatonin to sleep |
intercalculated discs |
join cardiac muscle cells
gap junctions that allow for communication |