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BIO 205: Chapter 2 Study Guide
Synthesis Reactions |
example: dehydration synthesis. are endothermic; anabolic |
Endothermic reactions |
require energy and store it in the bonds. ex: dehydration synthesis |
Anabolism |
all the synthesis reactions in an organism |
Decomposition reactions |
break bonds to form smaller atoms |
Exothermic |
release energy by breaking bonds |
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6 CO2 |
decomposition |
hydrolysis |
covalent bond in a large molecule is broken, and H+ and OH- are added to the products |
Catabolism |
all decomposition reactions in an organism |
buffers |
prevent drastic changes in internal pH. |
Propionibacterium acnes |
acidophilic bacteria that causes acne |
Helicobacter pylori |
acidophilic bacteria found in stomach known to cause ulcers |
Myxococcus xanthus |
forms calcite crystals and used in building restoration to prevent decay |
Vibrio vulnificus |
ingested by eating raw oysters; growing cause of food poisoning; taking antacids increases chances of becoming sick from V. vulnificus. |
Using the bicarbonate buffer system as an example Explain how the buffers work? |
Buffers work by accepting hydrogen ions from solutions when they are in excess and donating hydrogen ions to the solution when they are depleted.
In the bicarbonate buffer system the chemical equilibrium between carbonic acid and bicarbonate act as a pH regulator. If the H+ concentration in blood begins to fall (that is if the pH rises), more carbonic acid dissociates , replenishing hydrogen ions. When H+concentration begins to rise (pH drops), the bicarbonate ion acts as a base and removes the excess hydrogen ions. |
Groups of Lipids (4) |
fats, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids |
Waxes |
fatty acid with long chain alcohol by ester bond |
cholesterol |
precursor of the bile acids and steroidal hormones |
Types of Carbohydrates (3) |
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysacchrarides |
Proteins |
made up of amino acids |
Amino Acids |
make up proteins; 21, side group affects interactions; has peptide bonds (formed by dehydration synthesis) |
Primary Structure of protein |
amino acids sequence in a polypeptide; held by polypeptide bonds with are covalent bonds b/t amino acids |
Secondary Structure of protein |
alpha helix (coils) and beta sheets (accordion). because of interactions b/t hydrophilic and hydrophobic characteristics in polypeptide chains |
Tertiary Structure of protein |
series of alpha helices and beta sheets. The shape of the protein gives it its function; hydrogen bonding and disulfide brides form |
Quaternary Structure of protein |
2 or more polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bridges; are globular or fibrous |
nucleotides vs. nucleosides |
nucleosides lack a phosphate |
purines |
Adenine and guanine |
pyrimidines |
thymine, uracil, cytosine |
deoxyribose vs. ribose |
deoxyribose has 2 oxygens, oxygen just 1 |
how are purines and pyrimidines bonded? |
by hydrogen bonds |
How many bonds b/t purines and pyrimidines |
A=T and C(3)G |
Central Dogma |
DNA makes RNA, RNA makes proteins |
3 'other' nucleic acids |
ATP, ADP, AMP |
Unsaturated fats |
contain double bonds |