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This layer of the Earth is most dense
core
The process of turning sediment into sedimentary rock
lithification
The type of rock where the hanging wall moves down relative to the foot wall
normal fault
Mid-ocean ridges are found at this type of plate boundary
divergent plate boundary
Strike-slip faults are created by what type of stress
shear stress
When an oceanic plate is shoved under a continental plate at a convergent boundary
subduction
A stationary location on Earth where heat is rising (not at a plate boundary)
hotspot
Volcanoes are NOT found at which plate boundaries?
Continental Collision Zones Transform Plate Boundaries
Earthquakes that are so small that they are imperceptible to humans
silent earthquakes
The theory that Earth's lithosphere is is broken into large, rigid plates that move relative to one another
Theory of Plate Tectonics
Rocks that form from magma or lava when it cools and crystalizes
igneous rocks
Rift valleys on continents are found at this type of plate boundary
divergent plate boundary
Type of plate boundary where plates are moving toward each other
convergent plate boundary
Tsunamis are generated by what type of earthquakes in subduction zones
megathrusts
The worldwide distribution of earthquakes and _____ provide evidence for plate boundaries
volcanoes
Metamorphic rocks are formed by
heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids
Examples of hotspots
Hawaii Yellowstone Iceland
Example of a chemical sedimentary rock
limestone
Which earthquake in 2010 had a high magnitude, the one in Chile or the one in Haiti?
Chile (M 8.8)
The tallest mountains in the world are found at this type of plate boundary
convergent plate boundary (continental collision)
The San Andreas fault in southern California lies along this type of plate boundary
transform plate boundary
This is an example of a extrusive igneous rock
basalt
Examples of divergent plate boundaries
mid-Atlantic Ridge East African Rift Valley Red Sea
An aggregate of minerals
rock
This layer of the Earth is broken into tectonic plates
lithosphere
A chain of volcanic islands created over an oceanic plate- oceanic plate subduction zone
island arcs
Before we had GPS, hot spots were used by scientists to determine the
speed and direction of plate motion
The type of fault created by compressionable stress
reverse fault
Normal faults are most closely associated with what type of plate boundary
divergent plate boundary
The deepest places in the ocean; it marks a boundary between 2 plates at a Subduction Zone
trench
The driving force behind plate tectonics is convention in the
asthenosphere
The only layer of the Earth that is liquid
outer core
In what type of metamorphic rocks are all the grains aligned in the same orientation
foliated
Los Angeles (southern California) is located on what plate
Pacific Plate
During Earth's formation, what material sunk towards the center of the Earth?
material with the highest denisty
What are the compositional layers of the Earth in order from the center going out?
core mantle crust
What are the rheological layers of the Earth in order from the center going out?
inner core outer core lower mantle asthenosphere lithosphere
What plate are we on (Flagstaff, AZ)?
North American Plate
What are naturally occurring inorganic solids with specific chemical compositions and specific structures?
minerals
Along which plate boundaries are there earthquakes?
divergent convergent transform
What type of rock is formed when liquid rock cools and crystallizes?
igneous rocks
This layer of the Earth is least dense
crust (continental)
Which type of rock is made from sediment that's undergone lithification?
sedimentary
Which type of rock is made from other rocks through metamorphism (heat and pressure)?
metamorphic
What is an example of a subduction zone?
oceanic-continental: Juan de Fuca and N.A. plate oceanic-oceanic: subduction in Alaska, Pacific Plate and N.A. plate
What is an example of continental collision?
Himalayan Mountains
What is an example of a transform plate boundary?
San Andres Fault
What type of stress is associated with normal faults?
tension
What type of stress is associated with reverse faults?
compression
What is the difference between intrusive igneous rocks and extrusive igneous rocks?
intrusive: underground, large crystals, cool very slow extrusive: at Earth's surface, crystals too small to see. cool very fast
What is the difference between detrital sedimentary rocks and chemical sedimentary rocks?
detrital: sediment you can see chemical: sediments you can't see, dissolved ions
What is the difference between foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks?
foliated: minerals aligned non-foliated: no prefered mineral orienation
What is density?
mass/volume
You are at a fault and the ground in front of you moves to the right. What type of strike-slip fault is this?
Right lateral
You are at a fault and the ground in front of you moves to the left. What type of strike-slip fault is this?
left lateral
What are the physical properties of the rheological layers from the inner core to the lithosphere?
inner core: solid outer core: liquid lower mantle: solid asthenosphere: soft solid lithosphere: solid
What is an example of a intrusive igneous rock?
granite
What is an example of a detrital sedimentary rock?
sandstone
What is an example of a foliated metamorphic rock?
slate
What is an example of a non-foliated metamorphic rock?
marble
What major cities on the northwest coast of the U.S. are at risk for megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis?
Seattle Portland Vancouver
On average, how many magnitude 8 (and above) earthquakes occur per year?
once a year
What is molten rock found underground?
magma
What are pieces of rock called?
sediment
What process is the breakdown of rocks?
weathering
What process converts solid rock into molten (liquid) rock?
melting
What process occurs when magma or lava cools and solidifies into individual crystals in a rock?
crystallization

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