PSYCH 280 : EXAM 2
93 Cards in this Set
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Stereotype
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Thoughts or beliefs about a group
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Prejudice
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How we feel about others (Attitudes, do we feel tension or anxiety about a group/behavior?)
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Discrimination
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Behavior towards people soley based on a group they could be a part of
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Social Group
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2+ people that form a group because they share a common thing and are interdependent
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Roots of SP&D
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1. Economic: focus on conflict over limited resources
2. Motivational Perspective: seeking self-esteem
3. Cognitive: focus on preserving cognitive resources by grouping things (faulty reasoning)
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Realistic group conflict theory
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competition over limited resources
ex. Robber's cave experiment: other groups exist, leads to conflict over limited resources, the conflict is resolved, then the groups are brought together superordinate goals
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Ingroup vs. Outgroup categorization
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Ingroup is one we consider ourselves apart of, outgroup is a group different than our own (infinetlely many)
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Minimal groups paradigm
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Created groups out of overestimators and underestimators and for no other reason than that people demonstrated ingroup favoritism.
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Social Identity Theory
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self-esteem= known personality + social self
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Spontaneous categorization
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categorizing people of different ages, races, genders as different than us
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Outgroup homogeneity effect
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Those is outgroups are all somewhat similar while those in our group are unique.
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Subtyping
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Explaining exceptions to a stereotype by creating a subcategory within that stereotype
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Automatic & Controlled Processing
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Automatic involves priming people for stereotypes and triggering the amygdala (emotional response)
Controlled processing involves use of the pre-frontal cortex to try and control negativity
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Contact hypothesis
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mere contact between hostile groups will reduce prejudice
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Jigsaw classroom and critical conditions for contact
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1. Mutual interdependence
2. A common goal
3. Equal Status
4. Informal contact
5. Multiple contacts
6. Social norms of equality
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Benevolent sexism/racism
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Trying to be nice while enforcing stereotypes or gender roles, "woman are so good in the kitchen that's all"
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Privilege
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A special right granted to specific people
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Implicit racism
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being unconsciously racist
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Naturalistic Fallacy
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things should be the way they are, that is how they're supposed to be
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Motivations to control prejudive
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Internal: prejudice is unjust and unfair.
External: to avoid the judgment of others
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Modern racism
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prejudice w rejective of explicitly racists beliefs.
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Collective groups
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people in common activities with little outside interaction
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Effects on Performance
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Normal Triplett study (Performance on a bike) The presence of others increases performance
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Social facilitation
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the effect of the presence of others on performance
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Mere presence theory
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The presence of others increases the dominant response (whether good or not) others increase arousa
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Distraction-Conflict Theory
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the presence of others only causes social facilitation when others distract from the task and thus create conflict
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Evaluation Apprehension Theory
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The presence of others only produces social faciltation when the other is seen as an evaluator
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Social Loafing
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A group-produced reduction in individual output on easy tasks
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Deindividuation
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A reduced sense of individual identity w/ diminished self-regulation. It happens when there is a decrease in accountability and self-awareness. It increases the adherence to group norms
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Leadership in Groups
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Determinants of Leaders:
1. Expertise + skills relevant to group
2. Social skills
3. Extraversion
4. Provide rewards and resources
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Great Person Theory
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key personality traits make a good leader, some were just born to be great leaders
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Contingency Theory of Leadership
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Effectiveness depends on how goal orientated a leader is and how much control they have over the group
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Transactional Leadership
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Transactional Leadership A leader who dictates using goal setting and rewareds
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Transformational Leadership
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Advocates that in order to cause change followers put their own needs aside for the greater good of the group.
Characterisitics:
1. Charismatic
2. Inspirational
3. Intellectual
4. Spends time with each individual
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Power
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capacity to influence your own outcome and others
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capacity to influence your own outcome and others
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Difference in respect and prominance
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Dominance
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behavior demonstrating power over others
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Sources of Power
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1. Resource control
2. expertise
3. Relationship
4. Personal qualities
5. position
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Approach inhibition theory of power
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Power leads to approach behavior (positive
affect, automatic processing, action)
Powerlessness leads to inhibition (negative
effect, controlled processing inaction)
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Power Paradox
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Most of the time groups pick groups with socially intelligent leaders but power decreases that. Leads to a decrease in empathy.
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Threat Mindset
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lower power leads to increased fear, poor performance, constraints on creativity
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Health costs of perceived low power
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pain, obesity, asthma, low birth rates, respitory illness, etc.
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Group Polarization
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groups tend to be more extreme than individuals alone
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Why does group polarization happen?
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1. persuasive arguments
2. Social comparisons
3. culture and risk
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Group Think Symptoms
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Symptoms:
shallow analysis of info
narrow mindset
moral superiority
a sense of invulnerability
self -censorship
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Group Think Prevention
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devils advocate
no leader present in the room
novel people partly through
involve outsiders in the conversation
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Hostile aggression vs. Instrumental
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Hostile: wanting to hurt them for the sake of causing them pain motivated by feelings of anger and hostility
Instrumental: motivated by things other than pure hostility, to advance in status, power or politics.
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Indirect vs Direct
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Indirect: using non-physical acts of cruelty (girls)
Direct: physically attacking someone
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Factors that increase Aggression
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1. Biology/Chemistry: genes, serotonin (low levels), testosterone (high levels)
2. Gender: men have more testosterone, and are more physically aggressive, females are more indirectly.
3. Arousal: when aroused and provoked aggression increases (physical activity, stress, etc.)
4. Unplea…
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Excitation Transfer Theory
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arousal from one stimulus will transfer to another
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Heat and Aggression (Negative-Affect Escape Model)
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Aggression only increases until about 80 degrees, anything past that the heat is debilitating.
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Social Learning Theory
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The proposition that behavior is learned
through the observation of others as well as
through the direct experience of rewards and
punishments.
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Catharsis Theory
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that letting out anger and aggression makes it go away, purging this aggression helps
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Weapons Effect
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just the presence of a gun in a situation makes people more aggressive
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social rejection
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increases violent tendencies (columbine)
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Fundamental Need to Belong
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motivated to form lasting relationships
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Parental investment theory
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one sex invests more in the offspring than the other
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relational aggression:
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aggression through damaging someone's social relationships
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sexual selection
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1. individuals of one sex compete for mates
2. the individual of more investment chooses the mate (mostly females)
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Costs/Benefits of Agression
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Costs: death, energy, predation, social damage to relationships
Benefits: space, mates, food
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Transmitted vs Evoked Culture
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Transmitted: representations are transferred from person to person
Evoked: evolved psychological mechanisms are triggered by the environment and its stimuli
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5 Stage Model of Bystander Intervention
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1. (N) Notice there is an event that might need help
2. (I) Interpret that the situation needs help
3. (R) Responsibility, assume responsibility in the situation
4. (D) Decide on how to help
5. (D) Actually helping
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Obstacles during the 5 Stage Model
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Obstacles during the 5 Stage Model 1. Too busy
2. Think the situation doesn't need help (Pluralistic Ignorance)
3. Diffusion of Responsibility
4. Incompetence
5. Costs outweigh benefits - Audience inhibition
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Good Samaritan Study
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found only hurriedness influenced whether people helped or not
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Pluralistic Ignorance
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each person in a group decides that since no one else seems concerned with the situation that nothing is wrong
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Diffusion of Responsibility
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group members dilute responsibility to the other members of the group
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What is an emotion?
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Appraisal Process
Physiological responses
Expressive behavior
Subjective feelings
Action tendencies
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Nonverbal Language
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1. Affective Displays: emotional expressions. ex. happiness/sadness
2. Illustrators: Actions that dramatize speech ex. pointing and emphasis.
3. Regulators: actions that govern communication ex. keep talking, clarify, louder
4. Self Adaptors: nervous, random nonverbal actions ex. scra…
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Principle of serviceable habits
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emotions are passed down and positively reinforced and observed by offspring (Darwin)
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Affect Valuation Theory
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Ideal Affect and consequences: how I want to feel (almost everyone wants to feel more positive) the consequences are you do activities music by mood, and possible drug use and abuse.
Actual: how we really feel
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High and Low arousal positive
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high is like adrenaline and action ex. roller coaster
low is content like meditation and the beach
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happiness
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happiness high positive is frequent and intense positive emotions
low negative is infrequent and low level, always negative
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What makes us happy?
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social bonds, an increase in age, money (75k), gratitude, giving and having experiences over material things.
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Peak-end rule
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judge past experience on how they were at the peak and the end
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Duration neglect
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unimportance to length of emotional experiences
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Emotions and... Perception, Moral Judgment, Reasoning
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Perception: we tend to view things in the same light as our current emotions
Moral Judgement: the Moral foundations theory 5 domains where emotions influence judgement.
Reasoning: positive emotions make us more creative and inclusive
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Affective forecasting
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predicting future emotions and how long they will last
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Immune neglet
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underestimating resiliency and overestimating how low our well-being would be given such events
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Focalism
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too much focus on central aspects of an event and overlooking all other factors
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Orientations to happiness
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1. Pleasure
2. Meaning
3. Engagment
4. Relationships
5. Achievement
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Moral Foundations Theory
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1. care/harm: causes sympathy
2. fairness/cheating: anger
3. loyalty/betrayal: rage/pride
4. authority/subversion: shame/awe
5. purity/degradation: disgust
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Broaden and Build Hypothesis
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positive emotions broaden thoughts and increase our actions to build social relationships
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Seven steps to get what you want
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1. be attractive
2. be rich and famous
3. be persistent
4. do what they do
5. like them first
6. give them a fright
7. lose interest
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Halo Effect
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beautiful= good, that good looking people have positive qualities beyond their looks
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The Propinquity Effect
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the more we interact with people the more likely they are to become our friend (exposure + convenience)
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Excitation Transer affect
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physiological arousal increases attraction
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Communal vs. exchange relationships
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Communal: feel a special responsibility for partner- give them gifts because you care about them
Exchange: no responsibility gifts are given with an expectation of receiving them.
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social exchange theory
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we are only friends with those whose benefits outweigh the costs for both parties
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Equity Theory
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people seek fairness in relationships, when benefits= effort for both people
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self image goals
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managing the impressions othsupportive and constructive of othersers have of us
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compassionate goals
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supportive and constructive of others
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4 Horsemen of the Apocalypse
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1. criticism: complaints as defect in personality
2. contempt: statements that comes from superiority
3. Defensiveness: self-protection through righteousf and playing the victim
4. stonewalling: emotional withdrawal from interaction
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Social role theory
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men have larger bodies thus led to a division of labor etc.
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PSYCH 280: EXAM 2