NREM 120 : EXAM 1
137 Cards in this Set
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Renewable Resource
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Capable of replenishing (via birth or geophysical process) on a TIME FRAME useful to humans. Essentially Inexhaustible
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Renewable Resource Examples
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Solar, Wind, Water
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Natural Resource
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Any component of natural environment that species depend on for their welfare.
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Natural Resource Examples
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Soil, Water, Rangeland, wildlife, etc.
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Anthropocentric View
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Regards humans as being a central fact of the universe.
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Carrying Capacity
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An environment's ability to support a particular organism's population size in current living conditions forever
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Conservation
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The rational use of the environment to provide the highest sustainable quality of life for the greatest number of people and other organisms.
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Nonrenewable Resources
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Can't be replenished within a reasonable period of time by natural processess
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Exploitation
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Max human gain with no care about the environment
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Preservation
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Protect, set aside, and preserve resources. Nature centered approach. John Muir founded national parks with this idea
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Utilitarian
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Sustainable Yield - manage sustainable resources so they never exhaust. Gifford Pinchot and Theodore Roosevelt.
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Sustainable/ecological approach
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Think in terms of whole systems. Resources used to enhance their potential. Concerned about all resources, even if people don't directly use them
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Yellowstone
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Made with Muir
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John Muir
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Preservation of forest land (national parks), 28 forest reserves, established Sierra Club. Popularized values of wilderness. Preserved remnants. Ecocetric
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Preservationist
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Muir
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Utilitarian
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Pinchot
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Aldo Leopold
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"wildlife management". Marked trees but saw need for preservation. Helped make primitive areas. MADE GILA WILDERNESS AREA. Stewardship values.
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Ding Darling
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Des Moines Register Wildlife Cartooonis
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Colonial Period
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Transformation from vast wilderness diversity to the first human impacts (farming).
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Public Doman Myth
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Unlimited resources in America
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Thomas Jefferson's Intent
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Promote Settlement and development
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Checkerboard Ownership
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The railroads got every other square mile
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George Perkins Marsh
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"Man and Nature" about how people changed the Earth
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Jared Diamond
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"Collapse" about how environmental changes effected societies over time
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3 Major fire locations and results
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Chicago, Peshtigo, Michigan
Resulted in forest protection ideas
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First Wave
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Progressive Conservation
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Gifford Pinchot
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Progressive Conservation Era, Professional forester, rational use/ conservation of resources for public benefit, 1st CHIEF OF US FOREST SERVICE
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Events in Progressive Conservation Era:
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White House Conference on Natural Resources - formed National Conservation Commission which completed Natural Resources Inventory.
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People of the Progressive Conservation Era
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Theodore Roosevelt, Gifford Pinchot, John Muir
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Progressive Era Years
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1901-1909
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Order of the Eras
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Progressive Conservation
New Deal
Ecological
Sustainable
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Second Wave
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New Deal Era
1933-1941 (Dust Bowl Time/WWII)
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People of the New Deal Era
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FDR, Aldo Leopold, Ding Darling
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FDR, Aldo Leopold, Ding Darling
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Civilian Conservation Corps
Soil Conservation Service
Tennessee Valley Authority
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How Did Conservation become environmentalism?
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the middle class wanted amenities
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Third Wave of Conservation
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Environmentalism/Ecological Era, 1960-1980
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Cuyahoga River
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Caught on fire because of an oil slick - people were tired of environmental problems
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Important People in the Ecological Era
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Rachel Carson, Nixon
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Rachel Carson
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"The Silent Spring" about DDT/Pesticide effects
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4th Wave of Conservation
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Sustainable Era - 1980-Now
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Lester Brown
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Founder of World Watch Institute.
"Building a Sustainable Future"
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Ethics
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A value system used to judge the rightness or wrongness of our actions with regard to rules and standards
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Environmental Ethics
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Extension of ethics between people and the environment
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Types of Environmental Ethics
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Frontier, Utilitarian, Ecocentric, Stewarship
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Frontier Ethics
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Resources are unlimited, Plants/Animals exist only for human use, people>natural world
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Utilitarian View
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Part of frontier ethics, belief that conservation must be practiced
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Ecocentric Ethics
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People are part of/work with nature, all life has the right to exist. Preservation - set areas aside. The Earth is an organic whole. Technology Causes problems
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Stewardship Ethics
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Humans are a part of and apart from land. Between utilitarian and ecocentric view.
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Hetch-Hetchy Viewpoints
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Muir (Preservationalist) - No dam
Pinchot (Utilitarian) - Build it
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Externalities
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Cost that is shipped off to society
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Types of economic systems
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Free and Command
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Free Economic System
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Minimal rules/SEC. Levels the playing field.
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Command Economic System
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Government controls everything
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Economic System used today
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Mix between free and command economic systems
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Who support National Forest Perserves
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Businesses
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What is wrong with the economic system?
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Prices don't consider the cost of depletion
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GPI
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Genuine Progress Indicator - US's is decreasing
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Full Cost Pricing
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Includes all non-included costs in stuff: Pollution, ill-defined property rights, etc
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Opportunity Cost
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What you give up
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When GPI Goes down
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the GNP goes up
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What goes into making decisions
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Time and opportunity
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Sustainable Economy Incentives
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Iowa Forest Reserve Law, Tax Breaks, CRP, Subsidies
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Economics and ecology clash when
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rates of return conflict natural replenishment rates
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Tradable Permits
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Corporations can trade environmental allowance permits
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Ecology
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Study of interrelationships that occur between organisms and their environment. STRUCTURE and FUNCTION of ecosystems.
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Landscape Ecology
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Deals with drawing plans and creating corridors (applied by landscape architects)
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What does ecology study
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Structure and function of ecosystems - abiotic and biotic parts
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Levels of organization (narrow-->broad)
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Organisms --> Populations --> Communities --> Ecosystems --> Ecosphere
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Tansley
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Person. Described an ecosystem as a bridge between 2 warring kings. Observed structure (organisms) and function in a pond to measure ENERGY FLOW
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Ecosystem Structure
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the types of organisms found in a particular ecosystem and the PATTERNS of interrelationships among these organisms
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Ecosystem Function
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How energy Flows and materials cycle through ecosystems. PROCESSES
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2 Major components of ecosystems
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Abiotic and biotic
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Abiotic
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non-living. Ex: Solar, wind,d temp, chemical stuff
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Biotic
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Living
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Energy
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Capacity to do work. Potential and Kinetic.
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First law of energy
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Energy can be converted but not created/destroyed
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Second law of energy
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When energy is converted, a certain amount is lost in the form of heat - it becomes less useful for us to do work
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High Organization and low Entropy to
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low organization and high energy
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Gross Primary Productivity
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GPP, Measures productivity
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Photosynthesis equation
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6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12Oc + 6O2
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Net Primary Productivity
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NPP. What's left after plants use their share of energy for cellular processes
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Cellular Respiration equation
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Cellular Respiration equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
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How much energy goes onto the next level
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10% - not all produces consumed, digestible, and organisms respire
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Biomass Pyramid
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Measures productivity
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Simplification
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Loss of Species
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Trophic Levels
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Producers --> Herbivores (Consumers) --> Carnivores
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Biochemical Cycles
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Focus on N, C, and P - Most limiting elements, essential to life. Important because these can't be thrown away. Law of Conservation of mater applies
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Nitrogen cycle
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The nitrogen in the atmosphere can't be used by plants.
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Ways nitrogen is fixed
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Atmosphere (lightening), Biological (Legumes), Industrial (Factories)
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How have humans changed Nitrogen cycle
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Fertilizers, fossil fuel consumption, waste sanitation.
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Eutrophication
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Over nourishment of a water body
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How have humans changed the Carbon Cy
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increased CO2 in environment, use fossil fuels
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Phosphorus Cycle
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P = mostly in rocks, Slow Cycle, modified with detergents
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Garrett Hardin
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wrote "Tragedy of the Commons" idea that when everyone adds one more animal it adds up
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Public nusance
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Condition dangerous to health or obstructing free public property
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Private Nuisance
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Causes harm to private enjoyment
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Who owns the wildlife?
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Before - King
Now - People
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Public Trust Doctrine
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American Wildlife Law - states regulate MOST wildlife
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Lacy Act
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Stopped market hunting (KILLING BIRDS FOR HATS), regulated interstate shipment of illegally killed animals
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Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
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Federal - controls regulation of migrating birds
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Endangered Species Act
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Agencies must consider environmental impact and think about alternatives
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MANAGEMENT O FEDERAL LANDS
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BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT - MANAGES MOST PUBLIC LAND
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General Environmental Legislation
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Nixon! Right to Know - Toxic Release Inventory. Love Canal
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FARM BILL
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Federal! CRP, Conservation Title
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Major Themes in State Laws
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Control of state waters, fish and game regulations for hunting/fishing, cooperate with feds
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CONSERVATION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES
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regulates trade of endangered species. Conventions held to protect renewable resources
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Niche
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Environmental conditions under which a species can subsist and thrive
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Succession
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Gradual changes overtime in plant/animal community
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Generalists
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found across many stages and can adapt to them
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Specialists
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Very particular about habitat, so short lived in an area as niches change. More likely to become endangered
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Biome
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Regions of earth with characteristic climates that give rise to characteristic communities of living organisms
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Types of life zones
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Altitudinal, Biogeography, Latitudinal
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Main factors in determining where biomes are
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Sunlight is the main factor - Temp and rainfall are also driving factors
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C Hart Merriam
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Invented idea of biomes
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The Biome Categories
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Tundra, Northern Coniferous Forest, Temperate Deciduous Forest, Tropical rain forest, Grassland, Desert
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Northern Coniferous Forest
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Northern Asia and Canada, Fire can be important, Home to Great Horned Owls and Loons
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Temperate Deciduous Forest
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Eastern US and Europe, Fire is important, Turkey/Raccoon/other species
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SE Coniferous Forest
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In SE US - GA, AL, FL. Adapted to love heat. Used in paper pulp
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Tropical Rain Forest
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Along Equator: Mid-Africa, northern part of South America. Great biodiversity, High GPP, Carbon sequestration, Little seasonal change. Vines, epiphytes, Spider Monkeys, Jaguars, snakes.
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Grass Lands
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Random Little Spots everywhere, many types of Prairies, dense root systems
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Population Distribution
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Clumped
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Biotic Potential
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AKA Reproductive Potential
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Logistic Curve Shape
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S
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Human vs Animal Growth
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Humans = Exponential Growth
Animals = Logistic
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Environmental Resistance Factors
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Starvation, Predation, Disease, Fire, Accidents, etc
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Paul Errington
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Observed muskrats to see what limits populations and can predators destroy game populations (NO)
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Yellowstone Elk
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Population overate their range. Example of environmental resistance. Had people come in/shoot elk. Stopped and brought wolves back.
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Density Independent Factors
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Number of individuals doesn't matter --> Will hurt all (ex: Fire)
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Density Dependent
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Number of individuals in a species that are in the area (ex: Overgrazing)
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Interspecific
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Between Species (elk vs wolves)
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Intraspecific
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Within Species for mates/food/den areas. This weakens populations.
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Natural Increase Percent
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1.2%
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Demographic Transition
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Death rate fell then birth rate which decrease rate of natural increase
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Population Momentum
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Rate of Growth graphs
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Types of overpopulation
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Malthusian and Technological
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Brownfields
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Left over chemical waste - ex: Love Canal
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Ghost Acreage
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Resources you don't have at home, imported!
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NREM 120: EXAM 2