JOUR-J 110 : FINAL EXAM
63 Cards in this Set
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History of journalistic professionalism
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1892: Joseph Pulitzer proposes first journalism school at Columbia University in New York
1908: University of Missouri opens the first journalism school
1920s: First code of ethics
1947: Hutchines Commission on Freedom of the Press
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Hutchins Commission on Freedom of the Press
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The press has a responsibility to give voice to the public and to society; the free press was not living up to that responsibility to the public because of its commercial masters
Five Duties of a responsible press
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Five duties of a responsible press
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provide a truthful, comprehensive, and intelligent account of the day’s events in a way that gives meaning
act forum for the exchange of comment/criticism
project a representative picture of the constituent groups within the society
present/clarify goals and values of the society
prov…
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Sissela Bok's Model for Decision Making
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Consult your conscience
Seek alternatives
Hold an imaginary ethical dialogue with everyone involved
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Aristotle's Golden Mean
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Achieving happiness involves striking a balance, "a just-right point between excess and defect"
Classic example is courage, which strikes a balance between the inaction and timidity of cowardice and the recklessness of foolhardiness, both of which are unacceptable behaviors
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Kant's Categorical Imperative
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Morality lies in the act itself and not in the character of the actor or the intent behind the action
Act as if the maxim of your action were to become through your a will a universal law of nature
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Mill's Principle of Utility
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The greatest good for the greatest number of people
The consequences of an action are important in deciding what is ethical
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Potter's Box
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Forces us to get the facts straight, investigate our values, and articulate an appropriate principle
Poytner's ethics tool
These tools help us draw responsible conculsions that yield justifiable actions. But they won't give you "the right answer"
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Press Licensing, Seditious Libel
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It was a crime to criticize government- regardless of whether the criticism was true (the greater the truth, the greater the libel)
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Areopagitica
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The marketplace of ideas
John Milton's speech arguing against censorship, and for freedom of the press
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John Peter Zenger
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Zenger, an independent editor, accused Governor of political corruption in his newspaper and the governor threw him in jail
Andrew Hamilton defended him claiming that what he had written was the truth; Zenger was found not guilty, thus establishing truth as a defense against libel
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First Amendment
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Established freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, the right to assembly, and the right to petition
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What is not protected by the first amendment?
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Defamation, obscenity, disruptive speech, commercial speech
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14th amendment
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Granted due process of the law and made the bill of rights applicable to the states
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Defamation
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harming someone's reputation through printed or spoken words
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Libel
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any published statement that unjustifiably exposes someone to ridicule or contempt
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Who can be libeled and what types of publications can be libelous?
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person, company, charity, union, products
News stories, editorials, headlines, photos, letters to the editor, email, social media
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Elements needed to win a libel case
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Defamation stated as fact
Publication
Identification: must be able to prove it applies to him or her and another reader or viewer must agree
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Defenses to Libel
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Truth
Privilege: made in government meetings, court, government documents, etc.
Opinions: needs to be a clear expression of opinion; claiming that a fact is a statement of opinion does not protect the writer
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New York Times v. Sullivan
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Established actual malice- publishing falsehood knowingly and with reckless disregard for the truth
Landmark case that put burden of proof in a libel suit on the plaintiff
One goal of the ruling was to prevent self-censorship
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Griswold v. Conneticut
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the 1965 case ruling that Connecticut could not prohibit the use of contraceptives by married couples, enumerating a right of privacy.
Although the Consitution contains no explicit right of privacy, the Court argued that various guarantees in the First, Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Ninth Am…
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Intrusion
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Invasion of privacy by physical trespass into a space surrounding a person's body or onto property under his or her control
Eavesdropping, hidden cameras, police ride alongs, etc.
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Reporter's Privilege
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Exemption from normal duty to testify about confidential matters
Things that can be compelled: reporter's notes, state of mind, outtakes
Supreme court has ruled no federal privilege (Branzburg v. Hayes- journalists have the same duty as other citizens)
Can keep sources confidential
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Shield Laws
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Protect journalists from being compelled to testify in court; only applicable in some states
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Cohen v. Cowles Media
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Sources can sue if promise of confidentiality is breached. Promissory estoppel (sort of like a breach of contract) applies to media despite First Amendment
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Freedom of Information Act
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9 exceptions cover things like national security, trade secrets, personal privacy, etc.
State Access laws: all states have access law
Access to government meetings
Government in the sunshine act: advisory committee meetings may be closed or partially closed to the public
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Obscenity vs. Indecency
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Obscenity is hard core sexual expression
Indecency is explicit material and the government can limit it
Indecent material cannot be aired from 6am to 10pm
Obscene programing has no literary, artistic, political, or scientific value and is not protected by the first amendment
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Lessig's argument
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Believes people taking and recreating other people's content through technology to say things differently is piracy
This technique has been democratized and made accessible to everyone
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Copyright
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A statutory right giving authors or artists the exclusive privilege to multiply, publish and sell their creative works; To qualify, works must be original and “fixed in a tangible medium of expression” (Copyright Act of 1976)
Putting an actual copyright symbol on your work is not necessa…
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Infringement
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using any part of a copyrighted work without permission, plaintiff must prove direct copy or substantial similarity
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Fair Use
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You can use a small portion of a work in a news report or commentary. And you can parody original work
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Digital Copyright
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Digital millennium copyright act: protection for digital media, anti-circumvention technology
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commercial speech/advertising & role of FTC
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FTC keeps false and deceptive ads off of TV. The FTC can also require corrective ads
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Prior restraint
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an act of government censorship to prevent facts or ideas that the government considers unacceptable from ever being disseminated
Seldom allowed under the Constitution, but often sought in cases of disruptive speech
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Disruptive speech as the focal point of most attempts at prior restraint
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speech that threatens government's interest in maintaining order
Courts have left the door open to prior restraint, but government must meet strict standards because prior restraint is rarely constitutional
The supreme Court has heard only one prior restraint case- The Pentagon Papers (…
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Can you burn a cross?
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Yes, but not to intimidate (Virginia v. Black)
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Can you publish a racist newspaper?
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Yes (Near v. Minnesota)
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Can you burn the flag?
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Yes- it's symbolic speech, even if it offends many people (Texas v. Johnson)
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Can you wear a shirt that says "Fuck the Draft?"
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Yes, it's offensive and vulgar, but protected (Cohen v. California)
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Authoritarian Theory
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Press is a servant of the government, not a servant of citizenry
Give permits only to certain printers- however as the number of trained printers grow and an increasingly literate public demands more and more printed materials, the ability of the government to control "outlaw" printers c…
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Communist Theory
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Press to be run by the government to serve it's needs
Media should be closely tied to other sources of government power and authority
Media's main purpose is to act as a tool for government propaganda
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Libertarian Theory
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The press doesn't belong to the government but is instead a separate institution that belongs to the people and serves as an independent observer of the government
People want to know the truth and be guided by it; the only way to arrive at the truth is through free and open discussion
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Social Responsibility Theory
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-based on the concern that, although the press may be free from interference from the government, corp. interests can control it.
-Provide information needed to make the political system&self-government work
-Serve as an overseer of the government
-Serve the economic function of bring…
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Development Theory
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developing nations may need to implement press controls in order to promote industry, national identity, and partnerships with neighboring nations
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Globalization
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a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economi…
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Is everything globalized?
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Not everything or everyone is globalized, but the global networks that structure the planet affect everything and everyone…all the core economic, communicative, and cultural activities are globalized
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Effect of Gloabization
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reduces differences that existed between nations in time, space and culture
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Global Village
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The idea that electronic media helps people live and interact at a global level
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Studies of foreign news coverage
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Guy Golan examined news content to determine when and why American media cover Africa
He concluded that “a dozen or so African nations account for the majority of U.S. coverage, while the majority of African nations received limited to no coverage” (53)
What merited coverage? A country’…
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British Broadcasting Corporation
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The BBC is the world’s largest broadcaster, providing content in the UK and around the world
Within the UK, funded by television license fee paid by consumers
Outside the UK, it’s BBC World Service, funded by government
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France 24
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Goal is to cover international events from a French perspective and to convey French values throughout the world
Fully owned by the government
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Deutschewelle
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Germany's international broadcaster
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Russia Today
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second most watched foreign news channel after BBC
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NHK World
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Japan's international broadcaster
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CCTV
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China Central Television
Intended to report international news from the Chinese perspective
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USA
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The US government produces a lot of media content for audiences oversees to create a better understanding of our nation with foreign populace by providing them access to American culture, history, law, society, art and music that might not otherwise be available through standard local med…
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International Broadcasting
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the broadcasting board of governors that oversees all U.S. international broadcasting
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IT and Globalization
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Information technology is a driving factor in the process of globalization
Promise of the internet: “While the optimists see the potential for the democratization of communication in a world of electronic networks, where power becomes more dispersed and less geographically defined, pessi…
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Global Internet access and filtering/blockage Can be done at 2 levels
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The ISPs within the country: Quickly respond to government’s blocking orders; Can be done cheaply using technology ISPs already have
At the international gateway: IP blocking, Can result in overblocking, For example, blocking “Blogspot” to prevent one blog from coming through leads to bl…
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Wikileaks
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international
online
self-described
not-for-profit organization
publishing submissions of secret information, news leaks, and classified media from anonymous sources and whistleblowers
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Is wikileaks journalism?
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comes at a time when journalism is struggling with definitions, performance and technology
challenges traditional news norms and routines (sourcing, distribution, etc.)
There simply cannot be the remotest doubt that the entire purpose of Wikileaks is for public dissemination
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Crowdsourcing
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participative online activity in which an individual or organization proposes to a group of individuals via a flexible open call, the voluntary undertaking of a task.
Task varies in complexity and modularity
Crowd should participate bringing their work, money, knowledge and/or experienc…
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Crowdfunding
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a way of funding a project by getting lots of people to contribute small amounts of money (i.e. kickstarter)
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JOUR-J 110: EXAM 2