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PSY 322: EXAM 2
sensory memory |
an initial stage that holds all incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second
retention of the effects of sensory stimulation |
short term memory |
(STM) holds 5 to 7 items for 15 to 20 seconds
the system of storing small amounts of information for a short period of time
mental life |
long term memory |
(LTM) holds a large amount of information for years or even decades
|
control processes |
dynamic processes associated with the structural features that can be controlled by the person and may differ from one task to another |
rehearsal |
repeating a stimulus over and over (an example of a control process)
|
encoding |
the process of storing information (the number) |
retrieval |
the process of remembering information that is stored in long term memory |
persistence of vision |
The continued perception of a visual stimulus even after it is no longer present
ie. the retention of the perception of light in your mind (flash, continued flame seeing) |
whole report method |
subjects are asked to report as many letters as possible from the entire display
|
partial report method |
a noise indicated the row of letters to recall, so a subject was only recalling a portion of the whole report
|
delayed partial report method |
content flashing for one second then recalling the content
can still have a whole or partial report as part of the delayed |
iconic memory / visual icon |
the brief sensory meaty for visual stimuli
|
echoic memory |
persistence of sound, lasts for a few seconds after presentation of the original stimulus
|
recall |
subjects are presented with the stimuli and then, after delay, are asked to report back as many of the stimuli as possible
|
decay |
the process of which information is lost from memory due to the passage of of time |
proactive interference |
interference that occurs when information that was learned previously interferes wot learning new information
|
retroactive interference |
when new learning interferes with remembering old learning
|
digit span |
the number of digits a person can remember |
change detection |
detecting differences between pictures and displays that are presented one after another |
chunk |
collection of elements that are strongly associated with one another but are weakly associated with elements in other chunks |
working memory |
a limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning
|
phonological store |
has a limited capacity and holds information for only a few seconds |
articulatory rehearsal process |
responsible for the rehearsal that can keep items in the phonological store from decaying |
phonological loop |
holds verbal and auditory information (phonological and articulatory rehearsal process) |
visuospatial sketch pad |
holds visual and spatial information
|
central executive |
where the phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad are attached
where the major work of working memory occurs
"traffic cop" of the working memory system
|
phonological similarity effect |
the confusion of letters and numbers that are similar
|
word length effect |
occurs when memory for lists of words is better for short words than for long words
|
articulatory suppression |
reduces memory because speaking interferes with rehearsal
|
visual imagery |
the creation of visual images in the mind in the absence of a physical visual stimulus |
mental rotation |
reaction time was greater for greater differences in orientation |
delayed-response task |
a task in which information is provided, a delay is imposed, and then memory is tested. This task has been used to study short term memory by testing monkeys' ability to hold information about the location of a food reward during a delay
|
episodic memory |
the memory of autobiographical events
memory for specific personal experiences, involving the mental time travel back in time to achieve a feeling of reliving the experience |
semantic memory |
MEMORY FOR FACTS
concepts that are not drawn from personal experience, the meaning of words and sentences |
Long Term memory |
LTM is responsible for storing information for a long period of time
|
primacy effect |
subjects are more likely to remember words presented at the bringing or a sequence
|
serial position curve |
remember a list of words and plotting the percentage recalled
|
recency effect |
the better memory for the stimuli presented at the end of a sequence
most recent presented words are still in STM and are easy for subjects to remember |
coding |
form in which stimuli is presented
|
physiological approach to coding |
determining how a stimuli is presented by the dining of neurons
|
visual coding |
STM: holding an image in the mind to reproduce a visual pattern that was just seen
LTM: visualizing what the Lincoln Memorial looks like when you saw it last summer
|
auditory coding |
STM: representing the sounds of letters in the mind just after hearing them
LTM: a song you have heard many times before, repeating over and over in your mind |
semantic |
STM: replacing words in a STM task into categories based on their meaning
LTM: recalling the general plot of a novel you read last week |
hippocampus |
location in your brain where you store and distribute LTM |
autobiographical memory |
memory from specific experiences in our lives, which can include both episodic and semantic components
people's memories for experiences from their own life
|
explicit memory |
memories we are aware of (episodic and semantic)
|
implicit memories |
memories we aren't aware of, occurring when experiences are not accompanied by conscious remembering (procedural memory, priming, conditioning)
|
procedural memory |
(skill memory) memory for doing things that usually involves doing things
|
priming |
occurs when the presentation of one stimulus changes the way you feel about another stimulus |
maintenance rehearsal |
rehearsal without any connections or consideration being made
|
elaborative rehearsal |
better memory rehearsal by making connections to the information |
levels of processing |
memory depends on the depth of processing that an item receives
|
depth of processing |
distinguishes between shallow processing and deep processing |
shallow processing |
little attention to meaning
ie repeating numbers or focusing on the capitalization of a word
|
deep processing |
involves close attention
focusing on an items meaning and relating it to something else
results in better memory than shallow processing |
paired-associate learning |
a list of words pairs is presented, and with the first list, a subject must remember the paired word
|
self-reference effect |
memory is better if you are asked to relate a word to yourself
|
generation effect |
generating material yourself, rather than passively receiving it, enhances learning and retention
|
retrieval cue |
a word or other stimulus that helps a person remember information stored in memory |
testing effect |
enhanced performance on a memory test caused by testing yourself previously
|
free recall |
a subject is simply asked to recall stimuli
|
cued recall |
the subject is presented with retrieval cues to aid in recall of the preciously experienced stimuli |
encoding specificity |
we encode information based along with its context |
state-dependent learning |
learning that is associated with a particular internal state, such as mood or state of awareness |
transfer-appropriate processing |
better results when the type of processing matches in encoding and retrieval |
consolidation |
the process that transforms new memories from fragile state, in which they can be distributed, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to distribution
|
synaptic consolidation |
involves structural changes at synapses
|
systems consolidation |
takes place over months or even years, involves the gradual reorganization of neural circuits within the brain
|
standard model of consolidation |
incoming information activates a number of areas in the cortex |
reactivation
|
(the major mechanism of consolidation)
a process in which the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with a memory
|
retrograde amnesia |
loss of memory for events that occurred before the injury |
reminiscence bump |
the enhanced memory for adolescence and young adulthood found in people over 40 |
self-image hypothesis |
proposes that memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person's self image or life identity is being formed
|
cognitive hypothesis
|
periods of rapid change that are followed by stability cause stronger encoding of memories |
Amygdala |
the structure that stands out when looking at what is happening physiologically during memory
|
weapon focus |
the tendency to focus attention on a weapon during the commission of a crime, which is typically a high emotional situation
|
narrative rehearsal hypothesis |
events aren't remembered because of huge situations, but because they are rehearsed after they occur
|
constructive nature of memory |
what people report as memories are constructed based on what actually happened plus additional factors, such as the person's knowledge, experiences, and expectations
called constructive because the mind constructs these things |
repeated reproduction |
same subjects tried to remember the story at longer and longer intervals after they had first read it
|
source monitering |
process of determining the origins of our memories, knowledge, or beliefs |
source monitering error |
misidentifying the source of a meaty
|
cryptoamnesia |
unconscious plagiarism of the work of others |
schema |
a person's knowledge about some aspects of the environment |
script |
our conception of the sequence of actions that usually occurs during a particular experience |
misinformation effect |
misleading information presented after a person witnessed an event can change how the person describes that event later
|
retroactive inference |
occurs when more recent learning interferes with memory for something that happened in the past
ie studying for spanish exam made it harder to remember math problems |
cognitive interview |
involves letting the witness talk with a minimum of interruptions and also uses techniques that help witnesses recreate the situation present at the crime scene by having them place themselves back in the scene and recreate things like emotions they were feeling , where they were looking, and how the scene might have appeared when viewed from different perspectives |