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BIOL-L 112: Exam 3
vasodilation
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dilation (stretching) of blood vessels
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homeothermic
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"Maintaining the same temperature"
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Positive feedback
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Responses are not homeostatic and are rare in healthy individuals. Positiveimplies that, when a value deviates from normal, the system responds to make the deviation even greater.
Ex. Inadequate delivers of blood to cardiac (heart muscle).
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examples of positive feedback
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blood clotting, contractions during labor, fever
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windpipe aka
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trachea
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trachea is a.k.a.
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windpipe
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trachea
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windpipe which carries air to the lungs
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pharnyx
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tube for food/water and air
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Pharnyx
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throat, or passageway of air from the nasal cavity to the larynx and the passageway for food from the mouth to the esophagus; the common passageway for the respiratory and digestive tracts
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carbon fixation
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plants use light energy to do "carbon fixation": take carbon dioxide from air into Carbon in sugar
biproduct is oxygen
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"energy currency"
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ATP
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two types of pathways
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catabolic
anabolic
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What are the two general products of catabolic pathways?
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1. stored chemical energy (in form of ATP)
2. Small molecules to build cellular material
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What is a catabolic pathway?
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Catabolic pathways break down organic molecules
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What is an anabolic pathway?
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The building of cell material from small molecules
-uses energy (ATP)
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Structure of ATP
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Adenine, 5 C ribose sugar, 3 negatively charged phosphate groups
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ATP is _____ into _____.
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hydrolized, ADP + Pi
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Biosynthesis is a.k.a.
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Anabolic pathway
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Anabolic pathways are a.k.a.
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biosynthesis
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How does a cell get its ATP?
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1. catabolic pathways-breakdown of food
2. photosynthesis
(both are redox reactions)
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Examples of redox reactions
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catabolic pathways and photosynthesis
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what blood type is the universal receiver?
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AB+
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agglutination
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clumping and lysis of blood cells, can be lethal (blood type mixup)
-because clumps abstruct blood flow, great loss of RBC
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Why are doctors very careful when giving transfusions with different blood types?
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clumping and lysis of blood cells, can be lethal (blood type mixup)
-because clumps abstruct blood flow, great loss of RBC
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Explain how Rh- pregnant woman and Rh+ might have a bad reaction in 2nd pregnancy.
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Because of first pregnancy, the mother will make antibodies against Rh. So in 2nd pregnancy, mother's antibodys will attack fetus RBCs.
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What is order of blood flow from heart back to heart?
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Heart-->arteries-->arterioles-->capillary beds-->venules-->veins-->back to heart
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osmotic pressure
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what's dissolved in blood
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In arterial end of capillary
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Blood pressure>osmotic pressure
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In venus end of capillary
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Blood pressure is lower, and osmotic pressure stays the same
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What does it mean if blood pressure>osmotic pressure
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net fluid movement will be out of capillary
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What does it mean if blood pressure<osmotic pressure
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Net fluid movement into capillaries, Oxygen out, CO2 in
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Blood moves from ____ pressure to ____pressure
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higher, lower
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pulmonary circuit
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blood releases CO2 into lungs and picks up O2.
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Systemic circuit
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blood delivers O2 and nutrients to tissues and removes waste (CO2)
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what happens between the pulmonary and systemic circuits?
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the blood is repumped in heart
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In deoxygenated blood blood appears...
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slightly darker red
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total blood volume=
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cardiac output
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cardiac output=
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heart rate and stroke volume
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stroke volume=
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volume left ventricle pumps each time
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cardiac output is a.k.a.
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blood volume
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during exercise, cardiac output...
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increases
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AV valves
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are between atria and ventricles
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The mitral valve is a.k.a
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bicuspid valve
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the bi-cuspid valve is a.k.a.
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mitral valve
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mitral valve and tri-cuspid valves are
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two AV valves
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Semilunar valves
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lead from ventricles out of the heart
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What happens when AV/mitral valves are open
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either
-atria contract
-or entire heart is relaxed
-->allows blood flow form atrium to ventricle
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when ventricles contract...
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AV valves close
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The Cardiac Cycle is how long...
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0.8 sec
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What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle, and how long is each stage?
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1. Atrial and ventricular diastole(0.4seconds)
2. Atrial systole and ventricular diastole(0.1 seconds)
3. Atrial diastole and ventricular systole(0.3 seconds)
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What happens to the AV and semilunar valves during atrial and ventricular diastole?
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The AV valves are open, and the semilunar valves are closed
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What happens to the AV valves during atrial systole and ventricular diastole?
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AV valves are open
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What happens to the AV and semilunar valves during atrial diastole and ventricular systole?
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-AV valves shut
-semilunar valves open
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What happens during the first stage of cardiac cycle?
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-AV valves open, semilunar valves are shut
-blood flows from atrium to ventricles
-atria and ventricles are relaxed
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What happens during the second phase of the cardiac cyle?
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-AV valves open
-atria contracts, ventricles are relaxed
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What happens during the third stage of cardiac cycle?
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-ventricles contract
-AV valves shut
-semilunar valves open
-blood leaves ventricles
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What is happening during "Lubb" and "Dubb" sound of heart?
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Lubb: recoil of blood against AV valves (close when ventricles contract)
Dubb: slapping of blood against semi-lunar valves
from vessel--> causes semilunar valve to close, prevents backflow
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Heart murmers
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abnormal heart sounds caused by valve defect
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what is a prolapsed mitral valve, what is disadvantage of this condition?
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flap of mitral valve flips up so blood regurges back into atrium.
this makes circulation less efficient
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Electrical signalling in heart
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SA node (signal)-->atrial systole->AV node-->AV bundle +AV bundle branches-->purkinje fibers (lead to ventricular contraction)
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what happens when we swallow?
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The larnyx moves up-->epiglottis to cover the trachea-->no food goes into trachea
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epiglottis
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opening of trachea
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larynx is also known as
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voice box
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direction of lower respiratory tract:
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larnyx-->trachea-->bronchus-->bronchioles-->alveolar sacs
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what is at bottom of thoracic wall?
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diaphragm, thoracic wall goes around both lungs
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Inspiration
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breathing in by negative pressure
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What happens when we breath in?
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-Air comes into lungs, diaphragm contracts, thoracic cavity expands
-volume goes up, presssure goes down
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what happens when we breath out?
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-Alveolar sacs recoil
-Diaphragm relaxes, cavity shrinks
-pressure goes up, volume goes down
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all gases move...
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down their concentration gradients, or partial pressure gradients
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Emphysema
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-A lung disease where alveolar sacs are less elastic
-people must use energy to force air out of lungs, very tiring, less surface area for gas exchange
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Oxygen moves...
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down its concentration gradient,
down its pressure gradient
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Path of oxygen
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alveolar space, through epithelial cells, into lung capillaries, into RBCs where it binds to hemoglobins
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Why does protein deficiency cause edema?
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deficiency causes a buildup of fluid around the organs b/c body cannot produce adequate albumin
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