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Sociology
is a discipline trying to understand the world we live in and our place in it in a disciplined systematic way.
2 Factors of Sociology
1. Society: Human beings are social beings. 2. Culture: Human behavior shows regular patterns.
Norms
Expectations for behavior
Folkway
appropriate but not necessary, if violated won't face bad repercussions. ex: saying hello to people you know
Customs
traditions. ex: trick-or-treating
Mores:
strong moral rules with very strict components ex: incest
Laws
formally written down and enforced by the state.
The Social Realm
where the roots of our concept of deviance can be found
C.W. Mills
popularized the term "sociological imagination"
Internal social control
ex: desire to fit in
Freudian & Biological Theories of Deviance
presuppose the rightness of the existing social order
Deviance
The oldest theories were biological (size of skulls, body types)
Freudian
Superego, Id -keep eachother in check
Sociological Theories of Deviance
-see deviance as constructed in the social realm -society labels what is deviant *Nothing is inherently deviant, deviance is a concept constructed by society -eye contact: appropriate/not appropriate  -murder/self defense -polygamy cross-culturally At one point in history and not …
Punishment
Sociologists see punishment as a statement to society, that the norm in question is still in affect
Is Deviance necessary?
Deviance is necessary for society, we need that unity in opposition to deviance and in our own righteousness, and societies need that unity and cohesion. Ex: Cold War: Americans united and created a moral boundary
Can the meaning of what is deviant be changed?
Society can change it to fit their needs Marijuana: deviance is dependent on context
Internal Social Control
your own feelings and wishes
External Social Control
sources other than yourself
The Generalized Other
A child that goes from knowing that "stealing my sister's toy is wrong" to "stealing in general is wrong"
According to Goffman, what is a signal that we "give off?"
A non-verbal, unintentional form of communication  -Tone of voice, body language
Goffman: Physical Influence
-Whenever we're out with people we try to give them an impression that we want them to have. -We give off signals and give signals
According to Goffman, what is a signal we "give?"
Explicit verbal communication
Goffman: Dramaturgical Performance
Front Stage: give performances, try to leave impressions Back Stage: (closest friends have access) restricted place, people have potential to embarrass us.  Waiters/Waitresses -Frontstage: waiting tables -Backstage: kitchen, reveal frustrations.
Socialization
process by which we acquire a self
Mead
"I"-Spontaneous self "Me"-self conditioned by self, moral  Primary Socialization: significant other
James
-Individuals have multiple selves -We have images of the people we interact  -We have as many selves as we images
Cooley
"Looking Glass Self" -We see ourselves as others see us -We see ourselves as we are treated
Rosenhiem
-People fake mental illness, get admitted and act normal -Having once been labeled as schizophrenic it is very hard to change it -it is not easy to change labels of ourselves
Onion Analogy
-once you peel all the layers, nothing is left -our entire self is layers constructed by society Ex: Marines  -take away all layers, and then re-construct a new person with new layers
Granfield:
"Making it by faking it" -people at ivy league law schools -working class ivy league students feel ambivalence -they worry about betraying their lower class roots -they develop ways to get by in the noble class
Skinner
behaviorism, operant conditioning
Erikson/Peget
developmental, stages
Weltonshuang: Worldview
1-Common Sense world, experiance life with others -reality is relative 2-Taken for granted, culture shock -what you always thought was real or true, may not be what is true or real
Debunking MIff
Sociology goes beyond
Unrespectibility Motif
The official is respectable  -The viewpoint of the homeless person is just as important as the mayor to understand a city
Relativity Motif
-Understands the relativity of ideas
Sociology begins with 2 facts:
1. Human beings are social things  2. The behavior of human beings shows regular and recurrent patterns
Social Control
the means by which any society brings the people that either violate or try to break the rules, are brought back into the norm.  External: violence, economic pressure, small groups Internal: don't need rules to keep from breaking the law
Garfinkel
Violation of folkways, social conventions Ex: sitting down right next to someone on an empty bus
Shelding: Body Types
Endo-morph: over weight Mezzo-morph: lean, muscular (criminals) Epto-morph: too skinny
C.W. MIlls
Sociological Imagination
W.I. Thomas
If people define a situation as real, it is real in its consequences
2 Kinds of Deviance
1. Violation of rules that is unnoticed -temporary because it is unseen 2. Violation of rules that is publicly recognized  -defender accepts the label, wraps around it, and works in accordance with it
Stigma
Anything that differentiates one person from the entire group
Institutions
Normative patters of behavior -marriage  -religion

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