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BIOL 1060: Final Exam
Ultraviolet Rays
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Do not kill organisms, they sterilize water
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Natural Capital
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all earths residents
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Common Pool Resource
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water in the tar river, before extracted
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Who made Tragedy of the Commons
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Garrett Hardin
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one Kilo is equal to?
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10,000 cm
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"milli" means?
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one thousandth
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overfishing is an example of?
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tragedy of the commons
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what is an Independent variable?
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treatment applied by research and is always graphed on the x axis
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Tragedy of commons is the idea that
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resources that are commonly shared or over used
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commonly held resources
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lakes and streams
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what is not an example of tragedy of the commons
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tornado destroying a small town
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what does exploit mean?
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to remove
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explain Garret Hardins Tragedy of the Commons rancher vs. cattle example
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people of town raised cattle, the goverment regulates how many cattle you raise but has no way to monitor, if everyone takes advantage of being unmonitored its possible to run out of cattle all togethe
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Barscreens and grit removal tanks are for
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removal of physical materials such as condoms and sand
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Aerator Tanks
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a form of secondary treatment
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purpose of secondary treatment is
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remove physical materials such as feces
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Ultraviolet light is a form of
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genetic alteration
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Turbidity
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how clear the water is
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two chemicals in nutrient enrichment
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phosphate and nitrogen
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Eutrophication
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excess of nutrients (nitrate, phosphate) that causes excess amount of producer (algae) that can block sunlight and cause decrease in dissolved oxygen, not leaving enough for organisms
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LD50 is used because
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its unethical to experiment on humans
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Difference of Acute vs. Chronic exposure
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acute is short term in large amounts, where chronic is long term in small amounts
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What was purpose of Daphnia in control cup?
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as a comparison to the experiment cups which contained various concentrations of toxin
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Purpose of LD 50?
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to determine what dose kills 50% experimental subject
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3 primary soil nutrients that limit plant growth are?
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nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous
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Particle size that drains the slowest?
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is the smallest
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tobacco plants need well drained soils, what would be a bad soil choice
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soils with high percentage of clay
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porosity stands for?
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how large of spaces between soil particles are
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most fertile soil horizon best for growing plants?
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A. Top soil
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why do nutrients such as nitrates, phosphates drain out of souls more quickly than calcium and magnesium?
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nitrates/phosphates and soils have the same electrical charge
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Conifer trees prefer ph of 5.5 and droadleaf trees perfer 6.5, what tree would live best in more acid and what would happen to both in ph of 3?
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conifer trees would grow best in acid due to a ph of 5.5, broadleaf trees would die in a ph of 3.
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PH less than 7?
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acidic
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PH greater than 7?
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basic
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Impermeable layer could not drain into ground water because?
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sand is densely packed and yields most water in rentention
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What is biomass?
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the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume.
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First law of thermodynamics?
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energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be converted from one from to another
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energy enters almost of all ecosystem as
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sunlight energy
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in food web, mountain lions are
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tertiary consumers
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primary consumers eat
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plants
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what is a producer
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algae
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each level in food chain or food web is called
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trophic level
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in pyramid of biomass, trophic level of which organism would have least energetic biomass
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snakes
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energy
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flows in only one direction through an ecosystem
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photosynthesis
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CO2 + H20 + radiant energy to form c6H1206 + H20 + 02
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owls can be classified as
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secondary consumers
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morphometrics
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an analysis that uses measurements of shapes of organisms
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experiment done which concentration of 02 is measured every minute in Green Mill run
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minute is the independent variable, oxygen is dependent
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how does precision differs from accuracy
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because accuracy is how close a measurement is to reality, and precision is how able it is to repeat the measurement
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Qualitative Data
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texts, graphics and drawings
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Independent Variable
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treatment applied by researches and always graphed on x axis
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167 cm are equal to how many meters
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1.67 m
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Kilo hecta deci unit deci centi milli
Scientific Method
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1, make observation
2, hypothesis
3, devise prediction
4, conduct experiment
5, draw conclusions
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something can be precise without being accurate
autotrophs
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organisms make their own food
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heterotrophs
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organisms get energy consuming other organisms
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chemotrophs
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organisms obtain energy by oxidization of electron doners
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photsynthesis
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carbon dioxide and water turned into sugar and oxygen is released
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open system
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earth is open in terms of energy (cant be recycled)
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closed system
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matter, can be recyled
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thermodynamics
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1st law- energy cannot be created nor destroyed
2nd- with every transfer of energy, energy is less organized
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tertiary composes
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top predators
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secondary composers
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carnivores
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primary
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herbivores
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producers
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autotrophs
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soil layers
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O (top layer)
A - top soil
E-
B-subsoil
C -bedrock
R -unweathered rock
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permiability
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rate water moves through soil (distance/time) , and how much water run off will occur
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capillarity
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attractions between water and soil particles (clay has high attraction to water)
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pH
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acidity of basicity of a soil, determines what species can live in the soil
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fertility
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plants require nitrogen and phosphorous for growth
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seasons
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has nothing to do with how close we are to the sun, by earths tilt
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summer
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south of the equator
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winter
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north of equator
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passive solar energy
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uses solar energy without mechanical devices
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active energy
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uses mechanical devises (roof top panels)
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humus
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organic compound of soil, formed by decomposition of leaves, and other plant material
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which horizons are prone to erosion
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a & 0
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abiotic
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nonliving, chemical and physical factors of the enrironment
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decomposers
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organisms that recycle nutrients by feeding on dead/ decaying organisms
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composers
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organisms that feed on living organisms
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food chain
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feeding hierarchy, which organisms in ecosystem grouped into trophic levels and show in succession to represent the flow of food
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food web
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many food chains linked together to show more accurate model of all possible feeding relationships in the ecosystem
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rule of 10
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only 10 % energy is transferred every level
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carnivores
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feed on fles
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abiotic factors
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temperature, ph, dissolves oxygen, nutrients, velocity
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biotic factors
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producers, carnivores, decomposers, cold h20 holds more exygen
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taxonomists
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scitentists who classify species
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families
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groups of genera
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genera
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related species that are grouped together
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every species has 2 scientific names
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genus and species
-homo and panthera
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anthropod
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jointed foot
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entomologists
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scientists who study insects
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arachnologists
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study spiders (which arent insects)
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family names always end in
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ia or ea
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spider morphology
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there are 4 pairs of legs
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trophic levels
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producers and consumers
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spiders (carnivores)
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not all at bottom of trophic level
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3 levels of biodiversity
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-species diversity
-genetic diversity
-ecosystem diversity
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cation exchange capacity
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soils have negative charge, repel negative ions and attract positive ions , can be exchanged within soil
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what is important in plant growth
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k+, ca+, Mg+,
no3-, po4-
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All anthropods are covered by
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exoskeleton
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three parts of insect bodies
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head, thorax and abdomen
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insects can be classified into how many orders
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26
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trophic pyramids show you
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how much biomass is at each level in food chain
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typically more biomass at
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lower levels (producers), due to inefficient transfer of energy from one level to next
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ranks of trophic levels
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producers
consumers
(primary-herbivores, secondary-carnivores, tertiary-carnivores)
detritivores and decomposers
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_________ affects infiltration into the ground.
sum total of all organisms in an area
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biodiversity
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primary wastewater treatment
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removal by physical separation of grit and large objects (material to landfill for disposal)
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primary treatment
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involves grit settling tank, which reduces the velocity of sewage so heavy particles may fall to the bottom, and are then pumped to auger pump which separates water from grit while water moves onward
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warmer water holds less gas then
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colder water
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pure water has ph of
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7
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