BIOL 1100: Exam 1
127 Cards in this Set
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Homeostasis
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tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions. Stabilize health and functioning.
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Robert Hooke
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First to discover and view cells in 1665.
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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First to observe microorganisms using a microscope of his own design in 1675. Described them as animalcules-little animals
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Mitochondrion
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Membrane-bound organelle in cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells. Generates energy(ATP), stores calcium for cell signaling, generates heat, and mediates growth/deat
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Plant Cell
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Eukaryotic cells
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Chloroplast
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sunlight is converted to chemical energy during photosynthesis. Double membrane around exterior.
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Central Vacuole
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Lysosome like organelles in plant cells
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Schleiden and Schwann
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Cell Theory 1830s
All living organisms are made up of cells
Schwann=animals
Schleiden=plants
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Rudolf Virchow
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1860s All cells come from pre-existing cells
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Louie Pasteur
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swan neck vessel to disprove the idea of spontaneous cell generation
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Spontaneous Generation
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The idea that cells spontaneously appear out of air.
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Proton
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Positively charged. Located in the nucleus
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Neutron
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No charge. Located in nucleus
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Electron
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Negatively charged. Located in electron orbital
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Nucleus
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Controls the cells function, contains the cells DNA, RNA comes out, contains genetic material
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Element
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A pure substance that cannot be broken down into any other substances by chemical or physical means
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Atomic Mass
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The average mass of all the isotopes of an element
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Atomic Number
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Number of protons in nucleus of an atom
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Isotope
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An atom with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons from other atoms of the same element.
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Elements common to life
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Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
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Covalent Bond
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Sharing electrons between elements
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Ionic Bond
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Transfer of electrons between elements
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Ion
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A particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative)
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Cation
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Positive charge=element loses electron
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Anion
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Negative charge=element gains an electron
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Valence Shells
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Outer most energy level containing active electrons
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Reactants
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Elements/Compounds that react with each other to produce a reaction or product
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Products
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Result of a chemical reaction
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Exergonic Reaction
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A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy
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Endergonic Reaction
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A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
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Electron Orbitals
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Volumes of space surrounding the atomic nucleus where electrons are likely to be found
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Morphine and Endorphins
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Morphine-drug used to produce the same feelings the body naturally produces through endorphin hormone
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Chromatin
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Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell
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Nucleolus
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site where gene products are processed.
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Nuclear Membrane
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Double membrane which encloses the nucleus. Nuclear Envelope
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Cytoplasm
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all components of a cell, excluding the nucleus
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Crystol
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fluid portion between the plasma membrane and these organelles.
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Ribosome
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protein-manufacturing center in eukaryotic cells. Contains RNA and protein molecules.
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Free Ribosome
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ribosomes suspended in the cytosol that mostly synthesize proteins which dissolve in the cytosol and function there
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Membrane associated ribosome
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produce protein for the cell envelope and for secreation
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids
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Rough ER
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Covered in ribosomes and is responsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins and glycoproteins.
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Smooth ER
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Does not have ribosomes attached to it. Responsible for producing lipids, steroids, regulation of calcium levels in muscle cells.
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Lumen
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interior of the rough ER. Site of protein folding
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Golgi Apparatus
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Consists of discrete flattened membranous sacs
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Cis-Face
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receiving end of the golgi apparatus
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Cisternae
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membranous sacs in the Golgi apparatus
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Trans-face
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the shipping face for transport vesicles leaving the golgi
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Vesicle
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A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell.
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Lysosome
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recycling center which contains enzymes
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Phagocytosis
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A process in which some of the white blood cells destroy the invading microorganism and old cells.
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Electronegativity
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how strongly an element is attracting electrons.
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Surface Tension
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A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
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Polar Molecule
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A molecule that has electrically charged areas. WATER
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Hydrogen Bonds
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Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electronegativity of another molecule
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Polar Covalent Bond
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results from unequal sharing of electrons
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Polar Solvent
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A dissolving liquid composed of polar molecules
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Nonpolar Covalent Bond
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results from equal sharing of electrons
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Nonpolar Molecule
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Molecule that shares electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends
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Partial Charge
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the unequal sharing of electrons which results in a slight negative or positive charge
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Density of H20
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1 g/mL (at 4 degrees C)
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Specific Heat
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The amount of energy that is needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1° C.
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Temperature Buffering
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the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree celcius
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Heat of Vaporization
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The amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas.
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Evaporation Cooling
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the process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a change of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy from the liquid to the gaseous state.
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Cohesion
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Attraction between molecules of the same substance
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Adhesion
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An attraction between molecules of different substances
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pH
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acidity level of a substance
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Acid
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Pulls in electrons=negative charge
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Base
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Pulls in protons=positive charge
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Amphipathic Molecule
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A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.
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Micell
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Amphipathic lipids with single hydrocarbon chains (fatty acids)
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Bilayer
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a layer that is two molecules thick
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Phospholipid
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major component of cell membrane higly amphipathic molecules form bilayer.
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Phospholipid Bilayer
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composes cell memebrane; amphipathic
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Singer and Nicolson
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Developed the fluid mosaic model 1972
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Fluid Mosaic Model
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A model that refers to how the lipid bilayer tends to act more like a liquid than a solid.
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Hydrophobic
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not attracted to water
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Hydrocarbon
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An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.
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2nd Law of Thermodynamics
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Molecules will naturally move down the concentration gradient
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Entropy
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(thermodynamics) a thermodynamic quantity representing the amount of energy in a system that is of disorder
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Diffusion
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Movement of materials from an area of high concentration to low concentration Water always moves to a higher concentration of molecules
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Concentration Gradient
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A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases.
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Permeability
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How easily liquid can move through an object
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Semi-permeable membrane
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a membrane (as a cell membrane) that allows some molecule to pass through but not others
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Osmosis
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Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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Hypertonic Solutions
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Concentration of solutes is higher outside that inside, water moves out of the cell
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Hypotonic Solutions
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concentration of solutes is lower outside than inside, water will move into cell
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Equilibrium State
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the state in which the system (cell) is steady and constant
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Facilitated Diffusion
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natural movement down gradient through pre-shaped proteins in phospholipids bilayer,
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Active Transport
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Requires ATP, drives molecules/proteins up concentration gradients by changing shape of proteins
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Sodium/Potassium Pump
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Protein pump transports sodium of of cell and potassium into the cell 3 Na-2 K
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Electrochemical Gradient
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Ions move down a gradient toward the opposite charge
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Adenosine Triphosphatase
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A molecule present in all living cells and acting as an energy source for metabolic processes
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Proton Gradient
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a gradient formed by the difference in proton concentrations across a membrane
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Fat
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Lipid is a major class of macromolecule
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Triglyceride
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energy storage, insulation
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Glycerol
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A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.
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Fatty Acid
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1. Stearic
2. Palmitic
3. Myristic
4. Oleic
5. Linoleic
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Saturated Fat
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Fully saturated with hydrogens. Single bonds
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Unsaturated Fat
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Double Carbon bonds, lessens the amount of hydrogen saturation.
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Polyunsaturated Fat
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A fatty acid that lacks 4 or more hydrogen atoms and have 2 or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
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Cholesterol
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A large, ring shaped lipid found in cell membranes. Cholesterol is the precursor for steroid hormones, and is used to manufacture bile salts.
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Hormones
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Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another
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Testosterone
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A male hormone that stimulates the growth of genital and secondary sexual characteristics.
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Estrogen
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A class of hormones that produce female secondary sex characteristics and affect the menstrual cycle.
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Cadherins
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A member of an important class of cell adhesion molecules that requires extracellular calcium ions for its function.
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Tight Junctions
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Prevent things from slipping between cells that shouldn't be there. Seals them together
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Desmosomes
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Connect to cytoskeletons of cells
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Gap Junctions
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Pores that act as a channel between cells
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Plasmodesmata
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An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells
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Dictyostelium
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protist that can sense AMP(energy) and will move itself towards that energy
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Amoeba
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A type of protist characterized by great flexibility and the presence of pseudopodia.
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Slug
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created when multiple amoeba come together to move towards a signal
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Fruiting Body
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an organ specialized for producing spores
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Autocrine Signaling
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Cells release signals that affect themselves and nearby target cells
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Paracrine Signaling
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Cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or immobilized. The mediators act only on nearby cells.
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons
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Endocrine Signaling
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signaling at a distance
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Transduction
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involves amplification of signal and control of the proteins production
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G Protein
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A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell.
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Adenylyl Cyclase/cAMP
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Stopping process to cooperate with neighbor
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Phosphorylation Cascade
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Kinase sends a phosphate to molecule
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Lipid Soluble Steroid Hormones
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Can enter target cell, bind to receptors inside the cell, and cause change in gene expression.
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Transcription Factor
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new mRNA produced=new genes=new proteins and enzymes for new functions
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Change in Gene Expression
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During an individual organisms' lifetime, this is most likely to help the organism respond properly to changes in its environment
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Endomembrane System Functions
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1. Synthesis of Proteins and transports into membranes, organelles, or out of cell
2. Metabolism and movements of lipids.
3. Detoxification of poisons
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BIOL 1100: FINAL EXAM