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NUTR 1000: Exam 4
At risk nutrients during pregnancy
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Sodium, Iron, Folate
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Growth Chart
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Evaluate how growth is changing over time
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Guidelines for developing good dietary health in children
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Be smart gatekeeper, provide nutritious foods, limit sweets, avoid using sweets as a reward, and offer variety of foods, serve regular meals and snacks, set a good example, do not frown at new or disliked foods (children will model after your behavior), teach good manners, allow children to explore and enjoy food, do not force foods, avoid turning mealtime into a battle zone
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How to handle picky eaters and food jags.
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Avoid using sweets as a reward. Introduce them to something new.
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Prenatal risk factors
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Pica Practice (ingestion of nonfood substances that have little or no nutritional value), Weight status (underweight with a BMI less than 19.8 or overweight with a BMI greater than 26), Race
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Risk factors of poor pregnancy outcomes
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Adolescence, Many previous pregnancies, short intervals between pregnancies, history of poor outcomes, multiple births, malnutrition, poverty, substance abuse, food intolerances and food faddisms
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Common problems during pregnancy
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Nausea, vomiting, constipation, and heartburn
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Overweight:
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Children between the 85th and 95th percentile on the CDC growth charts
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Obese:
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Children equal to or over the 95th percentile on the CDC growth charts
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Males Peak growth at age...
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14
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Risk Factors of malnutrition
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Affect linear growth, brain development, and bone acquisition.
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Factors that may influence food habits
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Meal regularity, Food choices, personal values and beliefs about health, personal goals, Dieting and body image, disordered eating, peer pressure, media and advertising, schedule, finances, and family dynamics and environment.
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Females peak growth at age…
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12
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During pregnancy in the 1st trimester women tend to gain...
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2 to 4 pounds
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During pregnancy in the 2nd and 3rd trimester women tend to...
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steadily gain 1 pound a week
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Nutritional needs during pregnancy
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Protein, Vitamin B12, calcium, sodium, iron, and folate
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The hardest to meet the needs for during pregnancy
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Iron
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Lack of folate during pregnancy leads to...
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Spina Bifida (Neural tube defects)
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Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for...
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the first 6 months of life
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Nutrient needs of a mother who is breastfeeding
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Plenty of rest, daily exercise, no smoking, discourage alcohol consumption, limit caffeine consumption
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Benefits for Mother/Baby of Breastfeeding
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More convenient, costs less than formula, less milk waste, better for the environment, uses fat stored during pregnancy, releases oxytocin, promotes maternal infant bonding
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At birth, total body water is approx. ___ of body weight
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70%
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Whole milk should not be introduced until...
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after the first year of life
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Determining how much to feed an infant
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Respond to infant's satiety cues and monitor growth
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When to introduce solids
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Full-term infant between 4-6 months (around 15 pounds)
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Most important indicator of an infant's future health
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Birthweight
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Growth over time
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Growth over time
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Growth expectations from birth to 1 year
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Triple birth weight and double birth length
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Food refusal
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stops accepting a particular food
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Food rituals
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finds comfort in familiar
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Food jags
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eats only certain foods
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Factors contributing to weight status
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Energy imbalance, excess consumption of calories (especially simple sugars), inadequate physical activity, and genetics
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Environmental factors contributing to weight status
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Culture, socioeconomic status, care providers, consumption of convenience and fast foods, time spent in sedentary activities, parenting styles
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Influences on eating habits for adolescents
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Meal regularity, food choices, personal values on health, personal goals (sports), scholastic competitiveness, extracurricular demands, dieting and body image, disordered eating, peer pressure, media, schedule, money and family
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Common nutrients at risk during adolescence
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Calcium, iron, vitamin d, folic acid
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Ageism
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Prejudice against older people; beliefs that aging makes people senile, unattractive, asexual, weak and useless
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The largest growing segment in the population is those aged...
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85 years and older
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D.E.T.E.R.M.I.N.E.
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Disease
Eating poorly
Tooth loss - mouth pain
Economic hardship
Reduced social contact
Multiple medicines
Involuntary weight loss or gain
Needs assistance in self-care
Elder years above 80
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Health problems are more likely to occur when intakes are...
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1500 calories per day or less
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Reasons for decrease in energy requirements
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Metabolic rate decreases, loss of lean body tissue, decline in number of active cells in each organ, decline in hormone activity, and less physical activity
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Nutrition concerns in the older adult
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Dehydration, constipation, malnutrition, failure to thrive, dementia, dysphagia (difficulty chewing/swallowing), social withdrawal, decreased physical ability to function
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Reasons people are living longer
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Improvement in disease prevention, advances in health care technology
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Head circumference is normally measured until 36 months. It is closely related to...
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brain size and linear growth (cognitive and physical development)
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Factors affecting growth of young children
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Infectious diseases, chronic illness, parasites, food of poor quality, poor sanitation, limited availability of food, poverty, food withheld from the child, lack of knowledge of childhood nutrition, poor social interaction and emotional support from parents/care provider
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Calorie intake during the 1st trimester of pregnancy
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No additional calories
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Calorie intake during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy
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340 additional calories
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Calorie intake during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy
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450 additional calories
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DRI's for elderly men
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Males need 3067 calories and 0.8 gms/kg of protein a day
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DRI's for elderly women
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Females need 2403 calories and 0.8 gms/kg of protein a day
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Infant nutrition at 0-6 months
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108 cal/kg/day, 2.2 gm/kg/day (proteins)
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Infant nutrition at 6-12 months
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98 kcal/kg/day, 1.6 gm/kg/day (proteins)
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Infant nutrition at 1-3 years
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102 kcal/kg/day, 1.2 gm/kg/day (proteins)
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1st trimester of pregnancy
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0-13 weeks
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2nd trimester of pregnancy
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13-26 weeks
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3rd trimester of pregnancy
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26-40 weeks
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Recommended weight gain during pregnancy with a BMI of <18.5
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28-40 pounds
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Recommended weight gain during pregnancy with a BMI of 18.5-24.9
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25-35 pounds
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Recommended weight gain during pregnancy with a BMI of 25-29.9
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15-25 pounds
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Recommended weight gain during pregnancy with a BMI of >30.0
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11-20 pounds
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Critical growth period of most organs occur from...
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week 2 to week 8 (or the embryonic period)
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The basal metabolic rate increases about ___ in the latter half of pregnancy
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15%
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The amount of oxygen used during pregnancy is approx. ____ above non-pregnant levels
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20%
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Cardiac output increases appox. 40% reaching its max at
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20 to 24 weeks
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Critical period of growth and development are...
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times of intense development and rapid cell division.
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Each organ and tissue is most vulnerable to adverse influences during its...
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own critical period
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