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PSYC 330 Exam 1
word association test |
method devised by Jung to reveal complexes by asking people to say whatever comes to mind when they hear a word
e.g. "mother" : "witch" (mother complex) |
Signs of a complex |
Long reaction time
repetition
mishearing
expressive body movements
> 1 word response
superficial (e.g. rhyme)
stammering
perseveration
dramatic altering upon readministration |
Structure of the Psyche |
conscious or ego
personal unconscious
-complexes
collective unconscious
-archetypes |
Archetypes |
Persona
The shadow
anima/animus
-great mother
-wise old man
the self |
Jung's typology |
Basic attitude:
introversion/extroversion
Rational Functions:
thinking/feeling
Irrational functions:
sensing/intuition
Function preferred:
judging/perceptive
Myers-Briggs |
Principle of equivalence |
First law of thermodynamics that states the amount of energy in a system is fixed and, therefore, if some of it is removed from one part of the system, it must show up in another part.
Only so much psychic energy is available, and if one component of the psyche is overvalued, it is at the expense of the other components. |
principle of entropy |
Jung, all elements have same amount of energy, for some time you might be really invested in one area but in time that energy will spread to other areas, concept for over a lifetime |
Ego (conscious) |
rational aspect, directing and controlling instincts, TOP OF THE ICEBERG |
the personal unconscious |
develops a a result of one's experiences and is therefore unique to each person.
-contains all experiences, thoughts, and perceptions accessible to the conscious as well as repressed memories, wishes, and impulses |
Collective Unconscious |
In Jung's theory of personality, the level of the unconscious that is inherited and common to all members of a species |
Persona |
The mask we wear |
shadow |
according to Jung, the dark and morally objectionable part of ourselves |
Anima |
female part in collective unconscious of a man
- manifests through dreams
- influences man's interactions with women and attitudes towards them |
Animus |
psyche of the woman contains masculine aspects
Masculine traits: independence, aggression, competitiveness, and adventuresomeness |
The self |
the component of the psyche that attempts to harmonize all the other components.
Represents the human striving for unity, wholeness, and integration of the total personality. |
Psychodynamic model |
motivation for behavior seen as dimly perceived and in a state of flux
whole class of theories, all derived from Freud |
Cathartic |
a therapeuticuse of verbal expression to release pent-up emotional conflicts. |
Studies in Hysteria |
Breuer & Freud (1895)
traumatic memories
pathogenesis
unconscious
repressing mechanism
unexpressed affect
conversion of affect into symptoms
release--abreaction
symptoms overdetermined |
Abreaction |
a psychoanalytical term for reliving an experience in order to purge it of its emotional excesses; a type of catharsis. Sometimes it is a method of becoming conscious of repressed traumatic events. |
free association |
when failed at hypnosis, found not everyone can do it, free flowing and unrestricted conversation |
The Seduction Hypothesis |
neurosis were caused by sexual abuse
Breuer said he did not want to be mentioned.
Takes his hypothesis back and says he was wrong (letter to nosejob friend) 4 reaons:
1. improbability of widespread abuse for how much neurosis
2. revelations not therapeutic - symptoms still remained
Unconscious fantasy v. reality - realizing the unconscious may not just be memories - fantasies so unacceptable we repress them.
4. Fewer Seuction in severe psychoses - the reason psychotics are different - unconscious material all over the place. (fantasy taking over reality) |
The Interpretation of Dreams |
The book introduces Freud's theory of the unconscious with respect to dream interpretation. Dreams, in Freud's view, were all forms of "wish-fulfillment" — attempts by the unconscious to resolve a conflict of some sort, whether something recent or something from the recesses of the past. |
topographic model of personality |
-conscious mind-- visible part of iceberg; thought sensations we are aware of
-preconscious-- part of iceberg we can just see below water; thoughts just outside our awareness that are easily accessible
-unconscious-- part of iceberg we cannot see; urges thoughts wishes and memories we are unable to know about
we fade in+ out like a camera focusing |
Pleasure Principle |
the Id seeks immediate tension reduction (thus pleasure seeking) |
Psychosexual Stages |
oral (birth to 24 months)
anal (2 to 3 years)
phallic/Oedipal (3 to 5 years)
latent (6 to 12 years)
genital (adolescence to adulthood) |
Tension Reduction |
when the drive is satisfied or reduced- when homeostasis is restored. |
repetition compulsion |
repetition compulsion
Dreams that are not wish-fulfillments follow theprinciple of repetition compulsion and often occur after people have had a traumatic experience, now called a post-traumatic stress disorder. |
Thanatos |
Death Instinct (Return to inorganic state, free of needs, directed outward, agression |
ego |
In psychoanalytic theory, the rational part of the personality that mediates between the demands of the id, constraints of the superego, and the realities of the external world.
"I" |
the id |
present at birth, sexual and aggressive nature/drives, governed by pleasure principle
"it" |
Superego |
balance between id and ego; self aware and judgmental; develops ages 3-6; based on internalization of parents beliefs/expectations/attributes; develops through the resolution of the Edipus/Electra complex
"over-I |
Defense mechanisms |
Denial
Projection
Displacement
Identification
Reaction Formation
Repression
Sublimation |
Personality |
The dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems which determine his/her unique adjustment to the world. |
Allport's "psychophysical systems" |
Temperament
Trait
Character
Mood
Disposition
Habit
Attitude |
Lexical Decision |
A simple Yes/No task in which subjects are timed as they decide whether the letter string being presented is a word; sometimes called simply the word/non-word task. |
Role of Theory in Personality |
Science is the attempt to make the chaotic diversity of our own sense experience correspond to a logically uniform system of thought. |
Scientific Revolution |
Philoshophical Speculation
Empirical Exploration
Advances in Methodology
Formalization of Theory
|
Basic Assumptions of Personality Theories |
Determination vs. Free will
idiographic vs. nomothetic
temporal emphasis
role of consciousness
balance as normal state
reductionistic vs. holistic
nature vs. nurture |
Basic Assumptions of personality theories |
zeitgeist for the theorist
personal factors of theorist
person vs. situation
normality vs. abnormality
measurement strategies
continuity of development |
Freud |
oldest of eight |
Adler |
second son |
inferiority complex |
a psychological state in which people feel that they are not living up to expectations, leading them to have low self-esteem, with a tendency to try to overcompensate for the negative feelings |
teleology |
adler, adlerian, focusing on importance of the future and life goals |