87 Cards in this Set
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Helen Keller, who was born deaf and blind, felt that being ____ was worse because ________.
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deaf; it isolated her from people
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The question "If a tree falls in a forest and no one is there to hear it, would there be a sound?" is useful because it highlights that "sound" can be
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both a perceptual and physical stimulus
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The speed of sound through air is
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340 meters per second
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The wave form pattern of a pure tone is a(n)
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sine wave
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The unit of measurement for sound wave frequency is
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Hertz
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As you increase the decibel level from 80dB to 100 dB, the sound pressure ratio goes from ______ to _______.
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10,000; 100,000
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The sound pressure level increases ___ as the decibel level increases from 40 to 80 dBs
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10 times
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A complex tone can be created by starting with a pure tone, called the ______, and adding frequencies that are multiples of this first frequency
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fundamental frequency
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A frequency spectrum show a tone that is composed of a frequency of 440Hz, 880 Hz, and 1320 Hz. The 880 Hz and 1320 Hz frequencies are called _______ in this example.
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harmonics
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Adding a 440 Hz tone to a 880 Hz tone and a 1320 Hz tone will result in
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a complex tone
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The range of human hearing is between ________ Hz
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20 and 20,000
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Kat wants to buy a "dog whistle" that her dog can hear but she can't. She should get a whistle that emits sounds in the range between ____ and ____ Hz.
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30,000; 40,000
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Alessandra is at a concert and can "feel" the music. The music is most likely being played at ____ dBs.
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130
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Loudness of pure tones depends on frequency and sound pressure level can be shown graphically using
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equal loudness curve
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When listening to music, which of the following method will help ensure you hear all of the frequencies represented in this piece?
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Turn the volume up (e.g., 80 dB) so the music is loud
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Pitch is primarily determined by the _____ of the sound wave
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frequency
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_______ is the property of increasing pitch that accompanies increases in the tone's frequency
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tone height
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The sound quality that is related to the sounds clarity, "nasalness" or "reedy-ness" is
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timbre
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A piano tone played backwards will sound more likely an organ than a piano because
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the tone's decay has become the attack, and vice versa
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The outer ear consists of
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the pinnae, the auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane
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The function of the auditory canal is to enhance the intensities of some frequency sounds by means of
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resonance
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Hartline et al. (1956) selected the Limulus to demonstrate lateral inhibition because
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it was possible to illuminate a single receptor without illuminating its adjacent receptor
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A receptor array in the Limulus is connected by the lateral plexus. Receptor "A" is located 5 receptors to the left of receptor "B". What stimulation will result in the greatest firing rate recorded from "A"
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stimulate A with 10 units of illumination
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____: Limulus ::_____: human retina
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lateral plexus; horizontal and amacrine cells
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Human lateral inhibition is most likely accomplished by
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bipolar cells
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Lateral inhibition has been used to explain
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the hermann grid, mach bands, and simultaneous contrast
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The gray intersections in the hermann grid
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support the claim that "perception is not the same as the physical stimulus"
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In hermann's grid, gray areas appear at the intersection because
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the amount of inhibition right at the intersection is twice as great as the inhibition between each square
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In mach bands, the darker area sends ____ later inhibition to the lighter area than the lighter area sends to the darker area
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less
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You can create a version of the ____ by illuminating a light-colored surface with a desk lamp and casting a shadow with a piece of paper
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mach bands
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In the simultaneous contrast effect, gray squares of equal intensities are surrounding by either a dark background or a lighter background. The square on the dark background looks _____ than the square on the lighter background.
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lighter
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White's illusion is an example of a perceptual effect that can be explained by the principle of
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belongingness
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The inability of lateral inhibition to explain White's illusion suggests that some contrast effects are based in
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the cortex
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The area on the retina that influences the firing rate of the neuron is called the
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receptive field
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A neuron with an excitatory center- inhibitory surround receptive field will respond most when we stimulate
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only the center
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Most of the signals travel from the retina to the ____ via the optic nerve
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lateral geniculate nucleus
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Neurons in the LGN have ____ receptive fields
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center-surround
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The Nobel Prize winner who conducted the pioneering research on the physiology of striate cortex neurons were
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Hubel and Wisel
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Graphing the response of a simple cortical cells results in the
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orientation tuning curve
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Unlike simple cells, complex cells respond best to
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moving stimuli
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_____ cells fire to moving lines of a specific length or to moving corners or angles
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end-stopped
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The _____ can be described as the electronic map of the retina on the cortex
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retinotopic map
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The cortical magnification factor occurs in humans because
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the small area on the fovea accounts for a large area on the cortex
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The brain imaging technique involving injecting a radioactive tracer into the blood is
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PET scan
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____ is a brain imaging technique that tracks blood flow in the brain using magnetic fields. This tracking is possible because hemoglobin has magnetic properties
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fMRI
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Dougherty et al. (2003) used brain imaging to investigate cortical magnification. Their primary finding was that _________
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information presented to the fovea activated the most brain area
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The retinotopic map on the LGN has been determined by recording from neurons in the ________
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LGN
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Which of the following is NOT a type of column in the striate cortex?
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double dissociative
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An electrode is placed in an orientation column that responds best to orientations of 45 degrees. The adjacent column of cells will probably best respond to orientations of
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40 degrees
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Which of the following is true regarding the organization of columns in the cortex?
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A location column can contain many orientation columns
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A/An ______ is a location column that receives information about all possible orientations within a given area of the retina
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hypercolumn
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Neurons respond preferentially to the right eye or the left eye. This phenomenon is referred to as
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ocular dominance
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The arrangement of ocular dominance columns in the cortex is best described as
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columns for both the left eye and the right eye in each hypercolumn
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A large object, such as a tree trunk, will cause
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firing of neurons in a number of different columns
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When looking at a scene, the different sections of the scene are processed by many different location columns. Through the use of all of the location columns, the entire scene can be perceived. This effect is referred to as
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tiling
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Object discrimination problem: _______ :: Landmark discrimination problem: ___________
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temporal lobes; parietal lobes
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In Ungerleider and Mishkin's (1982) research, monkeys who had their temporal lobes removed had difficulty
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discriminating between objects
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The dorsal pathway goes to the ______ lobe.
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Parietal
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The ventral pathway has also been labeled the _____ pathway.
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what
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Which of the following statements is false regarding the dorsal and ventral pathways?
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The pathways rely on information from the same type of ganglion cells
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According to Milner and Goodale, the dorsal stream is the _______ pathway.
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how
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The signaling function of color can be exemplified by
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both knowing to stop at a red light and knowing banana ripeness
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Adding more white to a color changes the color's
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saturation
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By changing ____, we can create about a million (or more) discriminable colors.
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saturation, intensity, and wavelength
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The reflectance curve for a white piece of paper would
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reflect long, medium, and short wavelengths equally
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Yellow and blue light are projected on a white screen. What color will the screen appear to be?
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Green
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When paint is mixed it is referred to as _____.
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an additive color mixture
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The major theories of color vision were first proposed
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in the a930's, based on some psychphysical data and lesioning studies
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Color matching experiments show that if a person with full color vision is given at least ____ wavelengths to mix together, the person can match any single wavelength
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3
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The maximum absorption for the short-wavelength cone pigment is at _____ nm.
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419
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The pattern of firing of a receptor activity in response to red would be
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little firing from the S receptor, moderate firing from the M receptor, and large firing from the L receptor
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The principle of _____ helps explain why a person with only one visual pigment can see all wavelengths as the same color (i.e., shade of gray) if light intensity is adjusted appropriately
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univariance
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A monochromat experiences
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black, white, and grays
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Which of the following is true about dichromatism?
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Males are more likely to be dichromats than females
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Physiological evidence shows that deuteranopes do not have the ____ wavelength cone pigment
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medium
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Which of the following is behavioral support for the "opponent-process theory"?
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color afterimages
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Dr. Lanzilotti wants to create a stimulus that will produce an afterimage of a red heart shape against a white background. He should make the heart ____ and the background ____.
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green; black
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Which of the following is phenomenological support for the "opponent-process theory" of color vision?
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all of these
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Which statement below best describes the current consensus on the theories of color vision?
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The physiology of the cone receptors and the discovery of opponent cells in the retina and LGN show that both theories are correct
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Cerebral achromatopsiais when a person
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has normal cone functioning but cannot experience color due to a brain injury
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Researcher Dorthea Jameson is quote in the text as saying "A blue bird would not be mistaken for a goldfinch if it were brought indoors". This supports the concept of
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color constancy
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Mark enters a supermarket that is lit by redlights. After fifteen minutes he enters the produce section and finds some red apples to purchase. Mark is able to see these apples as red because he has undergone
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chromatic adaptation
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Which of the following is a finding that demonstrates the phenomenon of memory color?
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Participants can quickly identify the word "blue" if printed in blue ink
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According to the ratio principle
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lightness constancy will occur as long as the ratio of light reflected from a white surface and a black surface remain constant
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If you cover the penumbra with a black marker, the perception of the border
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changes from an illumination edge to a reflectance edge
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Newton's quote of "The rays... are not colored" means that
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colors are created by out perceptual system
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Bornstein et al. habituated a four-month old infants to a 510 nm ("green") stimulus, then presented a 480 nm ("blue") or a 540nm ("green") stimulus. The infants in this study dishabituated to
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the 480 nm stimulus
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