Front Back
Helen Keller, who was born deaf and blind, felt that being ____ was worse because ________.
deaf; it isolated her from people
The question "If a tree falls in a forest and no one is there to hear it, would there be a sound?" is useful because it highlights that "sound" can be
both a perceptual and physical stimulus
The speed of sound through air is
340 meters per second
The wave form pattern of a pure tone is a(n)
sine wave
The unit of measurement for sound wave frequency is
Hertz
As you increase the decibel level from 80dB to 100 dB, the sound pressure ratio goes from ______ to _______.
10,000; 100,000
The sound pressure level increases ___ as the decibel level increases from 40 to 80 dBs
10 times
A complex tone can be created by starting with a pure tone, called the ______, and adding frequencies that are multiples of this first frequency
fundamental frequency
A frequency spectrum show a tone that is composed of a frequency of 440Hz, 880 Hz, and 1320 Hz. The 880 Hz and 1320 Hz frequencies are called _______ in this example.
harmonics
Adding a 440 Hz tone to a 880 Hz tone and a 1320 Hz tone will result in
a complex tone
The range of human hearing is between ________ Hz
20 and 20,000
Kat wants to buy a "dog whistle" that her dog can hear but she can't. She should get a whistle that emits sounds in the range between ____ and ____ Hz.
30,000; 40,000
Alessandra is at a concert and can "feel" the music. The music is most likely being played at ____ dBs.
130
Loudness of pure tones depends on frequency and sound pressure level can be shown graphically using
equal loudness curve
When listening to music, which of the following method will help ensure you hear all of the frequencies represented in this piece?
Turn the volume up (e.g., 80 dB) so the music is loud
Pitch is primarily determined by the _____ of the sound wave
frequency
_______ is the property of increasing pitch that accompanies increases in the tone's frequency
tone height
The sound quality that is related to the sounds clarity, "nasalness" or "reedy-ness" is
timbre
A piano tone played backwards will sound more likely an organ than a piano because
the tone's decay has become the attack, and vice versa
The outer ear consists of
the pinnae, the auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane
The function of the auditory canal is to enhance the intensities of some frequency sounds by means of
resonance
Hartline et al. (1956) selected the Limulus to demonstrate lateral inhibition because
it was possible to illuminate a single receptor without illuminating its adjacent receptor
A receptor array in the Limulus is connected by the lateral plexus. Receptor "A" is located 5 receptors to the left of receptor "B". What stimulation will result in the greatest firing rate recorded from "A"
stimulate A with 10 units of illumination
____: Limulus ::_____: human retina
lateral plexus; horizontal and amacrine cells
Human lateral inhibition is most likely accomplished by
bipolar cells
Lateral inhibition has been used to explain
the hermann grid, mach bands, and simultaneous contrast
The gray intersections in the hermann grid
support the claim that "perception is not the same as the physical stimulus"
In hermann's grid, gray areas appear at the intersection because
the amount of inhibition right at the intersection is twice as great as the inhibition between each square
In mach bands, the darker area sends ____ later inhibition to the lighter area than the lighter area sends to the darker area
less
You can create a version of the ____ by illuminating a light-colored surface with a desk lamp and casting a shadow with a piece of paper
mach bands
In the simultaneous contrast effect, gray squares of equal intensities are surrounding by either a dark background or a lighter background. The square on the dark background looks _____ than the square on the lighter background.
lighter
White's illusion is an example of a perceptual effect that can be explained by the principle of
belongingness
The inability of lateral inhibition to explain White's illusion suggests that some contrast effects are based in
the cortex
The area on the retina that influences the firing rate of the neuron is called the
receptive field
A neuron with an excitatory center- inhibitory surround receptive field will respond most when we stimulate
only the center
Most of the signals travel from the retina to the ____ via the optic nerve
lateral geniculate nucleus
Neurons in the LGN have ____ receptive fields
center-surround
The Nobel Prize winner who conducted the pioneering research on the physiology of striate cortex neurons were
Hubel and Wisel
Graphing the response of a simple cortical cells results in the
orientation tuning curve
Unlike simple cells, complex cells respond best to
moving stimuli
_____ cells fire to moving lines of a specific length or to moving corners or angles
end-stopped
The _____ can be described as the electronic map of the retina on the cortex
retinotopic map
The cortical magnification factor occurs in humans because
the small area on the fovea accounts for a large area on the cortex
The brain imaging technique involving injecting a radioactive tracer into the blood is
PET scan
____ is a brain imaging technique that tracks blood flow in the brain using magnetic fields. This tracking is possible because hemoglobin has magnetic properties
fMRI
Dougherty et al. (2003) used brain imaging to investigate cortical magnification. Their primary finding was that _________
information presented to the fovea activated the most brain area
The retinotopic map on the LGN has been determined by recording from neurons in the ________
LGN
Which of the following is NOT a type of column in the striate cortex?
double dissociative
An electrode is placed in an orientation column that responds best to orientations of 45 degrees. The adjacent column of cells will probably best respond to orientations of
40 degrees
Which of the following is true regarding the organization of columns in the cortex?
A location column can contain many orientation columns
A/An ______ is a location column that receives information about all possible orientations within a given area of the retina
hypercolumn
Neurons respond preferentially to the right eye or the left eye. This phenomenon is referred to as
ocular dominance
The arrangement of ocular dominance columns in the cortex is best described as
columns for both the left eye and the right eye in each hypercolumn
A large object, such as a tree trunk, will cause
firing of neurons in a number of different columns
When looking at a scene, the different sections of the scene are processed by many different location columns. Through the use of all of the location columns, the entire scene can be perceived. This effect is referred to as
tiling
Object discrimination problem: _______ :: Landmark discrimination problem: ___________
temporal lobes; parietal lobes
In Ungerleider and Mishkin's (1982) research, monkeys who had their temporal lobes removed had difficulty
discriminating between objects
The dorsal pathway goes to the ______ lobe.
Parietal
The ventral pathway has also been labeled the _____ pathway.
what
Which of the following statements is false regarding the dorsal and ventral pathways?
The pathways rely on information from the same type of ganglion cells
According to Milner and Goodale, the dorsal stream is the _______ pathway.
how
The signaling function of color can be exemplified by
both knowing to stop at a red light and knowing banana ripeness
Adding more white to a color changes the color's
saturation
By changing ____, we can create about a million (or more) discriminable colors.
saturation, intensity, and wavelength
The reflectance curve for a white piece of paper would
reflect long, medium, and short wavelengths equally
Yellow and blue light are projected on a white screen. What color will the screen appear to be?
Green
When paint is mixed it is referred to as _____.
an additive color mixture
The major theories of color vision were first proposed
in the a930's, based on some psychphysical data and lesioning studies
Color matching experiments show that if a person with full color vision is given at least ____ wavelengths to mix together, the person can match any single wavelength
3
The maximum absorption for the short-wavelength cone pigment is at _____ nm.
419
The pattern of firing of a receptor activity in response to red would be
little firing from the S receptor, moderate firing from the M receptor, and large firing from the L receptor
The principle of _____ helps explain why a person with only one visual pigment can see all wavelengths as the same color (i.e., shade of gray) if light intensity is adjusted appropriately
univariance
A monochromat experiences
black, white, and grays
Which of the following is true about dichromatism?
Males are more likely to be dichromats than females
Physiological evidence shows that deuteranopes do not have the ____ wavelength cone pigment
medium
Which of the following is behavioral support for the "opponent-process theory"?
color afterimages
Dr. Lanzilotti wants to create a stimulus that will produce an afterimage of a red heart shape against a white background. He should make the heart ____ and the background ____.
green; black
Which of the following is phenomenological support for the "opponent-process theory" of color vision?
all of these
Which statement below best describes the current consensus on the theories of color vision?
The physiology of the cone receptors and the discovery of opponent cells in the retina and LGN show that both theories are correct
Cerebral achromatopsiais when a person
has normal cone functioning but cannot experience color due to a brain injury
Researcher Dorthea Jameson is quote in the text as saying "A blue bird would not be mistaken for a goldfinch if it were brought indoors". This supports the concept of
color constancy
Mark enters a supermarket that is lit by redlights. After fifteen minutes he enters the produce section and finds some red apples to purchase. Mark is able to see these apples as red because he has undergone
chromatic adaptation
Which of the following is a finding that demonstrates the phenomenon of memory color?
Participants can quickly identify the word "blue" if printed in blue ink
According to the ratio principle
lightness constancy will occur as long as the ratio of light reflected from a white surface and a black surface remain constant
If you cover the penumbra with a black marker, the perception of the border
changes from an illumination edge to a reflectance edge
Newton's quote of "The rays... are not colored" means that
colors are created by out perceptual system
Bornstein et al. habituated a four-month old infants to a 510 nm ("green") stimulus, then presented a 480 nm ("blue") or a 540nm ("green") stimulus. The infants in this study dishabituated to
the 480 nm stimulus

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