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JTC 100: EXAM 1
Expansion/Pioneer Press |
(1850-1900's) Daily papers increased rapidly. People were moving west with railroad expansion. Entertainment stories began. Typewriters helped with communication spread quicker. |
Partisan Press |
(1770s-1830s) affiliated with political parties and conventional values, often voicing radical options.
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Underground Press: |
Questioned mainstream political parties and conventional values, often voicing radical opinions. |
Literary journalists |
A form of nonfiction that combines fatal reporting with some of the narrative techniques and stylistic strategies traditionally associated with fiction. |
In class we discussed such ancient human communication 'media' as petroglyphs, hieroglyphs, pyramids, and statues. What was the point of these creations? |
These creations were the first signs of communication between different groups. |
How did newspapers originate in Europe? |
Monk writing and papyrus were the first wats of message writing. In Europe, woodcut illustrations began.
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Why was each of the following important in the development of American newspapers? Boston Newsletter; Cherokee Pheonix; USA Today |
Boston News Letters was mostly current events and was first successful American Newspapers. Cherokee Pheonix was the first Native American newspaper in Native American language. USA Today is a national paper on everyday events.
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What innovations did newspaper publisher Benjamin bring to the New York Sun and the newspaper industry during the penny press era. |
Benjamin Day appealed to mass crowds, was cheaper, and simple direct stories, reporters, and newsboys.
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Yellow Journalism |
Yellow Journalism is defined as sensational to overly dramatic crime, scandals, celebrities, ect. This was named because yellow was a color to grab attention. Two characteristics included sensationalism, and investigative reporting, "watchdogs."
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Joseph Pulitzer justified the use of sensational news stories in the New York World as a way to do what? |
He decided to rebuild dispatch newspaper. He hired Nellie Bly as an undercover reporter. |
Exploits of reporter Nellie Bly |
Exposed conditions in insane asylum. Went around the world in 72 days. She wanted to participate in new form of journalism. |
What counter-strategies did The New York Times employ to compere with the yellow journalism newspapers for readers in the late 1890's. |
New York Times never made up stories and eventually dropped their prices and attracted more population. |
How are newspapers responding to the advent of digital technologies? What roles do their online operations play vis-a-vis their print operations? |
Radio was becoming a major competitor, then TV later on. Newspapers online gain digital circulation, just not enough to make up for advertising losses. They reduced news pages, share content, reduce frequency. |
What are the main differences between magazines and newspapers? |
Magazines are non-daily, smaller style, and focus on short stores, entertainment, opinions, ect. Newspapers focus more on daily events, were larger; more print. |
What was so important about the Saturday Eventing Post? |
First National magazine was a four-page newsletter and caught general interest of public. Also, was longest published in America. Included pictures and popular fiction so it caught general interest.
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Why were women's magazines important in the development of the modern magazine? How did their content evolve over time during the 1800's? |
Women Magazines allowed pleasure to the female mind. Women's magazines also allowed for a mass medium. During the 1800's the focus shifter and addressed suffrage movement.
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What enabled the rise or goeth of magazines as a national mass medium in the 1800's? |
Womens magazines, no longer just for elite's, lowered prices, better printing, and increased national advertising.
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Muckraking |
Muchraking was defined as reporters who would crawl through society's "much" to uncover a story. (Unhealthy food, child labor, trade prices and electoral corruption) Muckraking was successful because of national circulation and social problems, progressive era, more money time and space for reports. |
Contrast general interest vs. special interest magazines. Why did magazines aimed at a general audience start to fade in popularity in the 1950's? |
General interest was for a large diverse crown was a special interest was for certain types of people. Examples: time vs. cosmo General interest faded because people wanted to read magazine with their interest only that they could relate to. |
What do social science studies indicate about us as new consumers' perceptions of bias in news coverage and how our own political ideologies play a role in how we interpret a bias slant in the news? |
Journalism should be known as a fourth branch of government because they keep a moral role in democracy. AS the public we pay attention to he news that we agree with and we hear something we do not agree with it gets blown out of proportion. |
orientation vs. entertainment
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Orientation news is "need to know" and seeks quality journalism despise cost. Entertianment new is "want to know" and do little investigation and wants to reach larger audience possible.
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What 8 news values: |
Controversy/conflict, Impact/consequence, Phhysical proximity, psychological proximity, human interest, unusual, prominence/celebrities, timelines
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Controversy/ conflict |
disputes in differences in politics, religion, culture ideologies. Allegations of abuse of power, institutional failure, fraud bias, recklessness, ect. Usually involving scandals, fraud, cover up, ethical drama |
Impact/ consequence |
impact is large amounts of people that make new stores. Example, colorado floods
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Physical proximity |
local background. could affect audienceq |
Psychological proximity |
occurs outside our backyard but makes us concerned for our well being. Example, 9/11, or school shootings not in the state ( could it happen to me?)
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Human interest |
Personalizing, putting human face to bigger issue. Personal experiences and stories. |
unusual |
not an everyday story, unusual. Ex. is a snake exploding from eating an alligator
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Prominence/ Celebrity |
Anyone who is well known and whose actions are considered newsworthy due to prominence. Same with sports teams, corporations, and organizations. |
Timeliness |
New issues, developing on going stories and must have some other news value. |
difference between ethics and situational ethics with respect to the debate over deploying deception in covering a story? |
Absolutists ethics believe having hidden cameras and ambush interviews is never ok. Situational ethics decide by the case, so they believe its sometimes ok to do things dependent on the case or story. |
Examples of clash between expectations/perceptions of certain publications compared to their coverage. |
Audiences would expect the face of a criminal on the Rolling Stone Issue, therefor it makes Rolling Stone liik bad.
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Advertising |
But media space/ time in mass media to communicate messages. Promotes products, service, people, ect. |
Newspaper ages or space broker |
Individual who purchase space in newspapers and sold it to merchants. |
Media buying service |
agency that specialties in the service of media buying. |
Full service agency vs. mega agency vs. boutique agency. |
Large firms that are formed by merging several individuals agencies and that maintain worldwide regional officers; both advertising and PR servies operate in home radio and TV production studios. |
How does advertising differ from other forms of media content i.e news and entertainment |
Advertisements go through mass media only. Advertisements "sell" and news and entertainment "tell" |
What important contribution did Benjamin Day of the New York Sun make to newspapers and advertising? |
He was supported media with a simple direct style. Was first one to start advertisements. He could sell newspapers for cheaper because ads would pay to place in the newspaper. |
What types of businesses were among the first to rely upend advertising. How are the rise of advertising and the development of the modern department store inter-related? |
Retail stores and department store ads were critical to newspaper success. 20% of ads were for department stores. |
What are positive contributions of advertising in modern society? |
Economic role (helps searching, finding deals, econ growth) and social role (enjoyment, something to share). |
Branding |
A name, sign, symbol or something that is used to identify a specific product, service, or business.
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Segmentation |
Divide audience based on demographics, behavior and psychographics. (what type of people like to use what products). |
Positioning: |
Training to distinguish your product from other such as the Heinz pickle commercial. |
Campaign |
Coordinated effort multiple techniques. Ex. Would be jean or one Kia hamsters commercials. |
What are the creative challenges in producing an effective ad? What must an advertiser do to connect with and engage an audience? what is the association principle? |
Must connect and engage audience with attention, relate to needs, prompt action. and reinforcement. Association Principle is connection with positive value.
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Emptor |
Let the buyer beware. |
How Segmentation works |
Psychographics are related to personalities, lifestyles, ext. Demographics are place of commercials.
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Famous person testimonial |
Since a famous person uses and likes the product so will I. |
Pain Folks |
The public can relate to them because they are in the same position as them. |
Snob appeal |
Only elite can use this product
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Bandwagon |
it is popular and everyone likes it so you feel like you might or should like it too.
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Hidden fears |
gets you to act on it. |
Why will mobile advertising be such a bid deal in coming years? |
So many people have access to mobile devices, it is easier to communicate news. |
Why is it good for advertisers to take advantage of 'relational memory' and tap into a person's sense of 'nostalgia'? |
Advertisers appeal to emotion or how the public relates. Example was twitter ad that made it seem old fashion and safe when twitter is relatively new. |
Affluenza |
Materialistic epidemic cheapens quality of life. |
Puffery |
ex. "World's best cup of coffee"
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What did philosopher Jurgen Habarman mean but the term "public sphere"? What was his criticism of how the modern mass media has disrupter or negatively affected political defat in the public sphere. |
He meant that it is important of the public to also be included and discussing problems and decisions. He thought that mass media has negatively affected the public because of manipulation from slick promotion or advertising. |
What were the opposing viewpoints in the debate between Walter Lippmann and John Dewey about the role of news media in the democracy and the ability of citizens to engage in political decision-making? |
Lippman believed that the public did not care about politics and that someone will decide from them. he also believed that the media should just supply the info for the public.
Dewey believed that citizens should participate in ideas and the media should not encourage public to debate. |
What are the criticisms of contemporary political advertising, primarily negative political advertising, with respect to its impact on our public sphere of political discourse? What was the first political attack ad on television and who did it target? |
Negative political ads could sway voters because they had no idea who to vote for. They focused on the candidate and what was wrong with them, not political issues. A lot of money was spent on these negative ads. The first political ad attack was.... |
What is the CNN effect and how has it changed our system of governance? |
The CNN effect was the first 24-hour news channel, before this we just had chip stores and now the public get the whole story. |
Horse race reporting: what has lead to an increase in horse race reporting in US journalism since the 1960's |
Horse race reporting is know as a reporting style that just pays attention to the states as if it is a race, and no attention to the political issues. This is happening because it is safer to cover, easily to write a research. |
Electronic populism: according to the critics, what harm or thread does it pose to our system of governance? |
Electronic populism is from margins to mainstream. Otherwise known as making candidates look less political. It can harm our system by the public paying attention paying attention to this entertainment rather then the orientation side of it.
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When it comes to regulation or controlling mass media, what is the difference between formal control and informal controls? give specific examples of formal rules and informal rules used to control the mass media. |
Formal rules include laws and regulation, where as informal is cultural values and norms. An example of formal would be the first amendment. An example of inform is ratings.
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Prior Restraint: |
When government prevents or blocks sharing of media content in places of serious threats or national security. Government must prove it is a thread or dangerous. |
Pentagon Papers case. What was it about and what was the significance of the Supreme Court ruling in the case and its decision that the New York Times could resume publication of the documents? What was the real reason the Nixon administration wanted to block publication of the Pentagon Papers other than the administration's claim of a national security threat and "clear and present danger"? |
Daniel Ellsberg wrote about controversies, ext (several pages of documents that held secrets about Vietnam and government restrained New York Times article. Government did this because it was a clear and present danger because they know we were not going to win and did not want to give off more war violence. ext. Supreme court sides with right to publish; although Nixon tries to block because he believes it is clear and present danger.
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How does proof of liberal or defamation involving public figures differ with defamation of character involving private persons? What mud pain tiff prime in each situation? |
If you are well known you may not will as compared to a person not well know who will most likely win. |
Falwell-Flynt liberal case. Why did the supreme court side with Hustler publisher Larry Flynt in the Jerry Farlwell case in 1988? |
Parody; suppose to be a joke. Falwell having sex for the first time with him mother in an outhouse and Flynt publishing story on it.
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Three parts of legal definition of obscenity determined by the "miller test" according to the riling in the Miller vs. California case. |
Miller test, tests that determined as obscenity. Three main parts are "community standards" 1. appeals to prurient interests as a whole (sexual desires), patently offensive (by state law) and lacks serious value (literary, artistic, political, or scientific. |
Shield laws? What are the key arguments made but the news media in favor of Shield laws? |
Shield laws protect reporters from having to reveal their sources for controversial information uned in news stories.
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In the past two years, Wilileaks has come under heavy criticism for publishing tens of thousands of documents on what subjects regarding the US government and military> |
Julian Assange- In late 2010, Wikileaks began releasing thousands of US classified documents. (Gather and reveal secret and not known info and shae with public) faced several charges. |