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NR 150: EXAM 3
A system of four currents completing a flow circuit around the periphery of an ocean basin is collectively called: |
gyre |
ekman spiral is not influenced by coriolis, true or false |
false |
Currents tend to move in large ____ patterns in the northern hemisphere. |
clockwise |
The only ocean current that continues in an uninterrupted circle around the circumference of the Earth without encountering land is the: |
Antarctic Circumpoler current |
Generally the fastest and deepest ocean currents are:
|
western boundary currents |
The Canary Current is an example of a(n): |
shallow, cold water current |
North Atlantic Deep Water generally moves ____ than the surface currents above, and flows in ____ direction as the Gulf Stream. |
slower; the opposite |
The densest water in ocean currents is the |
coldest and saltiest |
A transverse current is |
a surface current that connects eastern-boundary and western-boundary currents. |
Which ocean surface current transports the greatest volume of water? |
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current |
The main force driving thermohaline circulation is: |
density |
Which of the following is NOT an eastern boundary current? (canary current, west australian current, benguela current, gulf stream) |
gulf stream |
The North Atlantic gyre is composed of the Gulf Stream, the North Atlantic Current, the Canary Current and the North Equatorial Current, true or false |
true |
Where does 80% of the garbage in the North Pacific Garbage patch come from? |
land |
what is the main force driving surface currents? |
wind |
The Eastern Austrailian Current (EAC) is an example of a ____ Boundary Current |
western |
Eastern Boundary Currents are broad currents with poorly defined boundaries, true or false |
true |
The Canary Current is an example of a ______ Boundary Current. |
eastern |
what is deep water circulation driven by? |
density differences |
How is Antarctic Bottom Water formed? |
wind |
The distance measured from trough to trough of a wave is: |
the wavelength |
The period of wind waves is usually expressed in |
seconds |
the ultimate height of a wind wave will depend on |
-the fetch
-the length of time the wind blows
- the velocity of the wind |
As wind waves move out of a storm area.... |
the waves are sorted by velocity and form the swell |
Near shore, if the wave crests are 200 feet apart, the wave will "feel" bottom when the depth is about: |
100 ft |
Waves tend to be parallel to the shore when they break due to the process of: |
refraction |
rogue waves are best described as |
a single massive wave that develops in the open ocean |
constructive interference in waves can cause... |
an occasional wave greater than any noted before or after its occurrence |
Tsunami or seismic sea waves are generated by.... |
coastal or submarine earthquakes |
In the open sea, tsunami: |
Are long-period waves, often of 15-20 minutes. |
when a tsunami reaches shore, |
the wave height is increased by entry into shallow water |
The uninterrupted distance over which the wind blows without change in direction is the: |
fetch |
A ___________ is a gravity wave formed by the transfer of wind energy over the water. |
wind wave |
A standing wave causes major progressive wave forward movement and results in a large amount of energy that is being transferred. true or false |
false |
An abrupt bulge of water driven on shore by a tropical cyclone is known as a(n)_____ |
stormsurge |
Deep-water waves change to shallow-water waves as they approach the shore.
true or false |
true |
Two waves that cancel each other out undergo a process known as _____ interference. |
destructive |
wind waves travel in groups called: |
wave trains |
Waves are created by disturbing forces and and flattened by ____ forces. |
restoring |
when do spring tides occur |
at full moon |
A semidiurnal tide is characterized by |
two high tides and two low tides of nearly equal level each lunar day. |
A steep wave moving upstream generated by the action of the tide crest in the enclosed area of a river mouth is called a: |
tidal wave |
Which body has the greatest influence on ocean tides? |
the moon |
The primary force(s) that cause(s) tides in the sea is (are): |
the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun. |
The tidal pattern characteristic of the west coast of the United States is: |
mixed tides |
The side of the Earth facing the moon will experience a high tide, while the opposite side of the Earth will have a: |
high tide also |
The type of tide associated with the full and new moons are: |
spring tides |
Which of the following bodies is the largest? (earth, sun, moon, mars) |
sun |
are tides free waves? |
no |
The wavelength of a tsunami generated by a seismic event can by up to 200 km. How deep has the ocean to be for this wave to be a deep water wave? |
at least 100 km deep |
The restoring force for both tsunamis and tides is: |
gravity |
tides are the shortest of all waves, true or false |
false |
an amphidromic point is... |
a no-tide zone |
A _______ tide is characterized by occurring twice in one lunar day with two high tides and two low tides |
semidiurnal |
A _____ tide is characterized by occurring once each lunar day with one high tide and one low tide |
diurnal |
A ____ tide is a tidal pattern of significantly different heights throughout the day. |
mixed |
The area that is midway between high and low tides and where there is no tide-induced current activity is known as . |
slackwater |
A ____ tide is a tide influenced by the weather. |
meteorological |
A(n) ______ tide is a tide caused by inertia and the gravitational forces of the sun and moon combined. |
astronomical |
Which of the following is a true tidal wave? (tsunami, storm surges, seiche, tidal bore)
|
tidal bore |
Deep water wave (depth and speed equation) |
depth > L/2
Speed: C=L/T
(c= speed, L=wavelength, T= time) |
Shallow Water Wave (depth and speed formula) |
Depth < L/20
speed= C=√gd
(g= acceleration, d= depth) |
are tsunami's shallow or deep water waves |
shallow-water |
What can cause a tsunami? |
-WATER DISPLACEMENT
-landslides
-icebergs falling from glaciers
-volcanic eruptions
-asteroid impacts
-other direct displacements of the water surface |
The speed that shallow-water waves can travel depends on the _______ |
water depth |
tides are the ______ of all ocean waves |
longest |
what are tides? |
Forced waves formed by gravity and intertia |
tsunami's compared to tides |
-both are shallow-water
-gravity is both restoring forces
-tsunamis are free, tides are forced
-tsunamis triggered by water displacement, tides triggered by gravitational forces from moon and sun |
tidal range |
the height difference between high and low tides |
differences between circulation and waves |
-circulation transports mass, waves transport energy
-circulation affected by coriolis, waves are not
-circulation example: gyres
-wave example: stadium wave |
swell |
the smooth undulation of ocean water caused by wave dispersion |
which kind of wave stores the most energy? |
wind waves |
destructive interference |
two waves that cancel each other out |
constructive interference |
additive interference that results in waves larger than the original waves |
doldrums |
opposite of rogue wave. No winds, no waves, no movement for ships |
what happens to deep water waves as they approach shore? |
they turn into shallow water waves |
what happens to waves when they approach a shore at an angle? |
they refract |
seiche |
rocking back and forth at a specific resonant frequency in a confined area |
stormsurge |
an abrupt bulge of water driven on shore by a tropical cyclone/hurricane or a frontal storm
(created by low atmospheric pressure underneath the storm, short lived, consists of only a crest) |