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PSY 401: EXAM 1
reasons to study history |
>coherent narrative
>context
>progress
>avoid pitfalls
|
historiography |
method of studying history based on examination of relevant sources |
historicism |
objective analysis of the human past for its own sake |
presentism |
interpretive study of past events |
primary source |
source that is written by the source of your inquiry |
secondary source |
source that is written about the source of your inquiry |
internal history |
detailed account of a discipline from the inside |
external history |
historical study from the outside |
great person orientation |
history shaped by ideas or actions of brilliant individuals |
zeitgeist orientation |
history is shaped by broad impersonal forces (spirit of the times) |
cyclical theory
|
history is an endless process of repetition |
linear-progressive theory |
each generation builds upon the last |
chaos theory |
history is a series of random and unrelated events |
khun |
paradigm shifts: elaboration on the meaning of normal science (psychoanalysis versus behaviorism) |
popper |
>inductive versus deductive
>falsifiability |
rationalism |
>the source of all knowledge is reason
>a priori
>active mind |
empiricism |
>knowledge is based on sensory experience
>a posteriori
>passive mind |
nature |
heredity and genetic traits determine behavior |
nurture |
environment is responsible for behavior |
reductionism |
molecular study of behavior based on reduced simple parts |
holism |
behavior and cognition should be studied as a whole |
monism |
belief that one theory or approach can explain all psychological phenomena |
pluralism |
belief in many explanations of behavior and cognition |
psychogeny |
study of the development of the mind |
identity theory |
a person's mind is endowed at a certain point and time |
emergentism |
the mind emerges with the brain and changes with the brain |
mind body problem
|
relationship between the mind (cognition) and the body (physiology) |
materialism |
the body is the only true reality |
idealism |
the ultimate reality consists of ideas or perceptions and is not physical |
epiphenomenalism |
the mind is secondary phenomena arising from the body |
interactionism |
mind and body interact to cause a mutual event |
parallelism |
>mind and body both exist but on parallel planes
>occasionalism
>pre-established harmony
|
libertarian view |
human actions vary as a function of one's own free will |
determinist view |
all events are caused and governed by natural law |
indeterminist view |
some events aren't caused by natural law |
fatalism |
future is fixed irrespective of our attempts to change it (libet and soon experiments) |
greece |
money, democracy, and diversity |
themes |
>natural: supernatural
>cosmology: study of the nature of the universe
>physis: primary substance of the universe |
thales |
>1st natural philosopher
>earth: floating saucer on the sea
>physis: water
>made philosophy practical |
Anaximander |
>physis: apeiron(formless matter)
>1st evolutionary theorist
>1st world map and sun dial |
Pythagoras |
>physis: numbers
>university
>coined the term philosophy: love and wisdom
>early rationalist: reason is greater than experience
>progressive |
Parmenides |
>senses versus reason
>zeno of elea: paradoxes |
Democritus |
>physis: atoms
>atomism: all things are composed of tiny invisible parts
>reductionist and determinist
>early biopsychology
>brain: thinking
>heart: emotion
>liver: appetite
>sensation and perception
|
Hippocrates |
>founder of medical sciences
>body humors: blood(heart), phlegm(cold), black bile(dry), and yellow bile(wet)
>holistic
>health: humors in balance
>nature heals illness
>mental disorders: mania, melancholy, paranoia, and epilepsy |