View
- Term
- Definition
- Both Sides
Study
- All (119)
Shortcut Show
Next
Prev
Flip
F 311: EXAM 1
pools |
amounts (how much water has filled up a bath tub)
-units are volume (L) |
flux |
rate of flow
-units need to have time (L/second) |
Where does the energy come from to melt the Mummy's snow? |
sun's radiation
phase change on snow
conduction
convection
absorbing radiation
|
conduction |
touching something hotter or colder |
convection |
something hotter or colder moving by |
radiation |
everything in the universe shines (losing energy and cooling) and absorbs (gaining energy and warming) |
water condensing and evaporating |
phase change releases/requires energy |
unit of energy flow per unit of area: |
W/m2 |
a Watt is a ____, where a Joule is a: |
-J/s, rate of flow
-an energy unit/amount of energy, 1 Newton of force over a m of distance |
Why is Venus so much hotter than it should be, even though it's at the "sweet spot"? |
it has a thick atmosphere with more carbon dioxide that traps heat |
why is earth only warmer than it should be? |
CO2 and H20 in the atmosphere-greenhouse effect |
what are two colors that don't actually exist in the visible light spectrum? |
pink and brown |
energy _____ as wavelength _____ |
increases, shortens |
all objects with a temperature above _____ emit radiation to the environment (shine) |
absolute zero(-273°C) |
the earth receives____radiation but shines ____back into space |
shortwave;
longwave |
at _____, tilt keeps a polar region with either 24 hours of light or darkness |
solstice |
at ____, tilt provids exactly 12 hours or night and 12 hours of day everywhere |
equinox |
Why is fort collins warmer than pingree park? |
adiabatic cooling-not changing energy content, either being compressed/spread out |
why is it warmer in summer than winter? |
more sunlight in summer, at less of an angle than in winter |
how much more solar input do you get in summer than in winter? |
4-5 times |
why isn't there forest in northern alaska? |
short growing season |
why isn't there forest in Sonoran desert, Az? |
water limitation, too hot |
why only "kinda-forest" in pinyon canyon, co? |
limited water, competition |
why isn't there forest in Kruger National Park, S. Africa? |
fire; warm but enough rainfall |
why do trees grow in only certain areas in N. Alaska when light, precipitation, etc kept the same? |
soils-more clay in some areas |
fundamentals of evolution by nat sel: |
-ind diff, these diff. affect survival &rep.
-these diff. partially inheritable
-diff. accumulate over time and yield new spp.
2 types of diff: genes w/in the old gene pool or novel genes from mutation, hybridization |
T/F: for most of earth's history, there were no land plants |
true |
examples of early plants: |
equisetum(horsetail), ferns, lycopodium(club moss) |
gymnosperms: anatomy, pollination, life span, spp. |
-tracheids; naked seeds
-wind
-decades-milennia
-750 |
angiosperms: anatomy, pollination, life span, spp. |
-vessels, seeds in vessels
-insect
-weeks to centuries
->250,000 |
why blend genotypes? |
greater diversity in the potential of the progeny, and a better chance that some progeny will make it |
why aren't all trees eaten up by diseases/mammals? |
trees produce compounds that taste bad, are toxic, or interfere with digestion; like limonene and alpha-pinene |
provenance |
the are were seeds were collected; a generic term for the genotype of a population found in a particular area |
imagine a bird so common and dominant that there are billions of them across a ___ mi swath of continent; account for ___ to ____% of all bird biomass |
2000; 25-45%
(passenger pigeon) |
prehistoric spp that used to be in CO: |
2(+)spp of mammoths, 1 sp of mastodon, short faced bear, dire wolf, pleistocene lion, giant bever, giant ground sloth, 2 sp sabertooth cats, giant armadillos and more |
where do we find ponderosa, climatically speaking? |
sea level to 3000m elevation (10,000 ft) |
ponderosas need |
summer precipitation; late summer/autumn drought common
-flagstaff and estes park |
life history of ponderosa: |
-con crops very greatly among years, many animals depend on seeds
-seedling establishment best on mineral soil; fire helps seeds germinate
-commonly up to 1 m diameter, 30 m height, 200 yr old (up to 600+)
-causes of death: logging,lightning/fire,bark beetles,most common=competition |
why would there be more growth after a fire? |
less competition, fire killed other trees |
____ yr return interval of fire |
5-25
no fuel accumulation |
ponderosa trees often survive fire: |
patchy fire pattern; quick, low intensity; fire resistant stems |
once a tree gets its ____ scar, much easier to record more scars |
first |
why did fires decrease in the 1900s? |
fire supression, *cows-eat grass, less fuel |
where do we get stories about ancient vegetation patterns? |
pollen falls in lakes, sinks and is buried-pollen sandwiches |
pollen shapes can identify___ but not always ____ |
genera;species |
_____ leave middens, help age vegetation |
packrats (genus Neotoma) |
what are middens? |
packrats sample vegetation in the area w/in about 100 m of the nest, it all piles up &their urine cements it; dry conditions and urine keep it from decomposing; younger material sits atop older material; scientists sort than use carbon dating |
carbon dating |
measuring the amount of carbon 14 remaining in dead material along with the known half-life of carbon 14 we can estimate when an organism lived
-not accurate for recent deposits or for deposits over 50,000 yrs old |
____ =best guess of ponderosa pine range from 1960's pollen data |
20,000yrs ago |
where was ponderosa pine to be found? |
-only 2 places before 12,000 yrs ago |
In forestry, life history is often referred to as ____; in ecology, it may be called _____ |
silvics; autecology |
sprouting is more common with ____ trees |
angiosperm |
why does cone production vary from year to year? |
to keep predators in check |
what is a rammit? |
root produces multiple trees-identical clones |
N. facing slopes in Big Thompson Canyon in CO appear to be wetter&more forested compared to S. facing slopes bc: |
less input of solar energy lowers evaporation from trees and soils, sustaining more water-demanding plants like trees |
incoming solar radiation: |
is absorbed&emitted (shined) by the earth at a longer wavelength |
soil in a selection cut forest stayed warmer at night compared to the clear cut bc: |
tree canopies absorbed longwave radiation, and re-emitted it back to the ground (& maybe some wind mixing was important too) |
fairbanks, alaska, gets the same annual precipitation as Ft. Collins, yet it is surrounded by boreal forests and we're surrounded by short0grass prairie. why? |
fairbanks is much cooler (on average) than ft. collins, creating less evaporative demand on plants
|
valley bottoms cool more quickly than sideslopes in the early evening bc of: |
down slope flow of cool air |
cloudy nights are warmer than clear sky nights bc: |
the cold, high altitude atmosphere radiates very little long-wave radiation down toward the earth w/out clouds (clouds reflect radiation back down, like blanket) |
gases such as CO2, N20, and 03: |
absorb radiation from the earth that would be returning to space, causing the gases to warm up
|
soil temps in N. minnesota are cooler under spruce, especially in the spring time and summer bc: |
less sunlight reaches the soil surface under spruce, and sunlight is a major source of energy for warming soils |
in ex. 1, the spreadsheet showed that the incoming solar radiation did not vary much with the latitude on sept 15, bc: |
the autumn equinox is near that date, and all points on earth receive 12 hours of sun on the equinox |
summer in ft collins is much warmer than winter. how much more solar energy comes in on a typical summer day than a typical winter day? |
more than 4 times more |
some trees show large variations in seed production(masting) across years bc: |
this is a response to seed-eating animals; years with really high seed production can swamp the ability of seed-eaters to eat them all |
based on annual temp and precip numbers, we would expect the savannas in Krueger nat park, south africa to be closed-canopy forests. grassy landscapes w/ widely-spaced trees are found there instead bc: |
frequent fires kill tree seedlings and small trees, preventing most trees from reaching the canopy
|
In 1662, Helmont reported the results of an experiment that sought to determine where the mass of a tree comes from by weighing soil, growing a tree, and determining the net gain in total weight. he concl. the mass of a tree comes mostly from: |
the water in the soil |
100 to 200 million years ago, dinosaurs walked among forests dominated by: |
gymnosperms |
T/F: The stand of aspen "Pando clone" has about 50,000 trees, all of which a "single clone". |
true |
in bright sunlight, a highly shade-tolerant species will be less-competitive than a shade-intolerant species bc: |
it has a loser light saturation point |
basal area in forestry refers to: |
the cross-sectional area of all trees (at about 1.4m height) in an area |
as temp of objects decreases, the radiation they emit: |
increases in wavelength and decreases in energy |
some parts of the world do not have forests bc: |
temps are too cold for trees to thrive and not enough water is available for trees to survive |
if a large region lost the dominant bird species, the dominant tree species, and the large carnivorous animals, the forests would: |
look much like the forests of the eastern us of today, bc these things happened already
|
provenance |
the location where seeds were obtained, including genetic implications for local adaptations
|
one of the adv. to using packrat middens instead of/in addition to cores from lakebed sediments to infer past vegetation pattern is: |
plant parts from middens can be identified to species, whereas pollen grains in lakebed cores can only be identified to genus |
a strong difference in the evolutionary history of angiosperms and gymnosperms is: |
gymnosperms are largely wind-pollinated, angiosperms largely insect-pollinated |
stands |
homogeneous area |
shade tolerance |
summarized by supplies of water, light, nutrients, temperature conditions |
____is important for identifying the ability of the germinant to survive stressful conditions while becoming established |
seed mass |
how old are aspen clones |
-most close to a century old, maybe a few thousand years
-we used to say that they can cover 10 Ha or more, but recent work w/ genetics say that most still have more than one genotype
|
Duke forest and shade tolerance |
dug trenches-cut off comp from other trees for water&nutrients
-shade tolerance not always about shade |
primary growth |
development of a seedling into a large tree (shoot and root extension) |
secondary growth |
expansion of stem and root diameter |
apical meristem |
at the tips of roots and shoots |
lateral meristems |
occur as cylinders of meristematic cells in woody stems and roots |
excurrent form |
strong apical control with terminal shoot growing faster than the lateral branches; adaptation to ice, snow, wind |
decurrent of deliquescent form |
fast growth of lateral branches, forking of main stem (loss of apical control)- for spacing out large deciduous leaves, not best for snow |
____ interacts with soil microbes and provides nutrients to root |
mycorrhizal mantle |
the real uptake typically starts with ____, or ____ for most conifers |
mycorrhizal fungi, ectomycorrhizae |
for many ____ trees, the fungi are _____-actually invading the root cells |
angiosperm, arbuscular mycorrhizae |
____ grows outward from the _____, ____ grows on the inside |
bark; cambium
wood
-a nail would not grow w/ stem |
xylem comes in 3 types: |
-gymno. have tracheids, angio. have vessels: 3-5 mm long
-diffuse-porous spp, 10-100mm long
-ring-porous spp, 100-1000 mm long |
_____stomata/mm2 on the underside of leaves= ____ per square inch |
200-500
125,000-300,000 |
with ___ pumped in, guard cells absorb ____, expand, open up; withdraw ___, ____ exits, cells are flaccid and close the opening |
K+, water; K+, water |
roots comprise ___-___% of tree mass |
15-25 |
about 1/3 to 1/2 of a tree's growth is in ____ and _____. acquiring water and nutrients is a huge challenge! |
fine roots, mycorrhizal fungi |
water enters roots bc roots have: |
lower water potentials-more neg. than surrounding soild, water transferred to roots from soil |
nutrients enter roots in: |
1) the water stream
2)active uptake-more conc. inside root than outside, so roots must invest energy to take up nutrients |
fxn of stems: |
-conducting system for water
-supporting the canopy |
leaf fxn |
photosynthesis |
there are ___ molecules of Co2 outside the leaf for every ___ molecule of Co2 inside the leaf |
1.5, 1 |
H20 inside=____ times H20 outside |
1.5 |
what options do leaves and trees have for taking in more CO2 and losing less water? |
-open stomata when it's cool-cool air has a higher relative humidity than hot air, but CO2 conc. is the same in hot or cool air
-improve photosynthesis machiner so teh internal conc. of C02 is lower
|
things go from ____ potential to ___ potential |
higher to lower |
boundary layer |
a thin layer of air next to leaf surfaces that doesn't move-gases cross mostly by diffusion; wind reduces the thickness of boundary layer increasing the rate of transfer of gases |
chlorophyll |
linear carbon compounds w/ a porphyrin ring (w/iron&magnesium), absorbs red and blue light better than green |
carotenoids |
linear carbon compounds that absorb light, pass energy to chlorophyll molecules-also protects chlorophyll molecules from getting too much energy. absorption better in blue range, leaving green red &yellow to reflect. provides colors in flowers |
anthocyanins: |
flavonoid compounds, absorb yellow&green light, provide color for flowers and fruits(reflecting red, pink, purple, blue), attracting animals. also reflect UV light and may protect leaves from too much UV. color depends on pH |
what drives the color change in autumn? |
1)genetics
2) day length(shortening days& lengthening nights)
3)temps-warm, sunny days and cool crisp nights enhance color formation
4)wet spring=late leaf color, dry summer=early leaf color |
autumn leaf shedding |
in response to shortening days, the leaves begin to produce less auxin and more ethylene, which hormonally stimulates the production of an "abscission layer" at the base of the petiole |
cold hardiness story |
#1 reason that freezing hurts plants: large ice crystals form w/in cells, and destroy their structure (ice expands). rapid freezing may be less harmful than slow freezing, bc ice crystals stay smaller
|
two stages of cold hardening; #1 |
in response to shortening days, some chemical moves from the phloem into the overwintering twigs and stems; water is w/drawn from the xylem, sugar accumulates(depressing freezing temp point) |
two stages of cold hardening; #2 |
after freezing has commenced (cold nights) trees go for full hardening
|
production equation |
resource supply * prop. of supply captured + efficiency of using captured resource - respiration/allocation to other tissues |
GPP |
gross primary production-net photosynthesis of the whole ecosystem |
NPP |
Net primary production=GPP- respiration |
NEP |
Net ecosystem production= NPP-what dies and decomposes |
Eddy flux measures: |
C going in&out of ecosystems- NEP(biomass in soil gives off C too) |