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DSOC 1101: Prelim 1
Sociological Imagination
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The application of imaginative though to asking and answering sociological questions
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Social structure
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The underlying regularities or patterns in how people behave in their relationships with on another
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Social construction
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An idean or practice that a group of people agree exists. It is maintained over time by people taking its existence for granted
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Socialization
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The process through which children learn and develop awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self
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Comte
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Invented the word sociology
Believed the scientific method could be applied to the study of human behavior
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Durkheim
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Functionalism
Believed in social facts
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Social facts
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Aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals
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Organic Solidarity
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Various parts of society acting as integrated whole
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Social facts
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Conditioning influence on our behavior of the groups and societies of which we are members
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Division of Labor
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Specialization of work tasks by means of which different occupations are combined within a production system
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Marx
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Material or economic factors have a prime role in determining historical change
Capitalism
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Weber
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Bureaucracy
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Bureaucracy
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A type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure and staffed by full-time, salaried officials
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Martineau
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She focused on women's sociological issues
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DuBois
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Traced the problems faced by African Americans to their social and economic underpinnings
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Functionalism
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A theoretical perspective based on the notion that social events can be best explained in terms of the functions they perform -- the contributions that make to the continuity of society
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Manifest Functions
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functions that are known to and intended to by the individuals in the activity
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Latent Functions
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Functional consequences that are not intended or recognized by the members of a social system in which they occur
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Power
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The ability of individuals or the members of a group to aims or further the interests they hold
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Ideologies
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Shared ideas or beliefs that serve to justify the interests of dominant groups
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Rational Choice Approach
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Individual's behavior is purposive. People's behavior is a rational response to a specific social situation
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Postmodernism
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Society is no longer governed by history or progress
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Micro sociology
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The study of human behavior in contexts of face-to-face interaction
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Macrosociology
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The study of large scale groups, organizations, social system
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Culture
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The values, norms, and material culture characteristics of a given group
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Cultural Universals
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Values or modes of behavior shared by all human cultures
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Society
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A group of people who live in a particular territory, are subject to a common system of political authority and are aware of having distinct identity from other groups
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Values
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Ideas held by individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, good, and bad
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Norms
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Rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations. Either prescribes a given type of behavior or forbids it
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Material culture
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The physical objects that a society creates that influence ways in which people live
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Linguistic relativity hypothesis
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Perceptions are relative to language
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Cultural turn
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Sociology's recent emphasis on the importance of understanding the role of culture in daily life
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Pastoral societies
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Societies whose subsistence derives from the rearing of domesticated animals
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Agrarian Societies
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Societies whose means of substance are based on agricultural production
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Subcultures
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Values and norms distinct from those of the majority, held by a group within a wider society
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Assimilation
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The acceptance of a minority group by a majority group in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture
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Multiculturalism
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A condition in which ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life
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Ethnocentrism
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The tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one's own culture and thereby misrepresent them
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Cultural relativism
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The practice of judging society by its own standards
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Social reproduction
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The process of perpetuating values, norms, and social practices through socialization, which leads to structural continuity over time
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Agents of socialization
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Groups or social contexts in which processes of socialization take place
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Peer group
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A friendship of group composed of individuals of similar age and social status
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Age- grade
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The system found in small traditional cultures by which people belonging to a similar age-group are categorized together and hold similar rights and obligations
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Social Roles
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Socially defined expectations of an individual in a given status or social position
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Social Identity
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The characteristics that are attributed to an individual by others
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Self- identity
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The ongoing process of self development and definition of our personal identity though which formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationships to the world around us
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Social self
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The identity conferred upon an individual by the reactions of others
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Self- consciousness
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Awareness of one's own distinct social identity as a person separate from others
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Generalized other
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Individuals take over the general values of a given group or society during the socialization process
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Egocentric
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Involves understanding objects and events in the environment solely in terms of one's own position
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Gender socialization
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The learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family
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Gender roles
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Social roles assigned to each sex and labeled as masculine or feminine
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